15 research outputs found

    The Park‒Sasaki Method of Speed-Reading and Mindfulness: A Cross-Sectional Study

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    Reading Speed, Comprehension and Eye Movements While Reading Japanese Novels: Evidence from Untrained Readers and Cases of Speed-Reading Trainees

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    BACKGROUND: A growing body of evidence suggests that meditative training enhances perception and cognition. In Japan, the Park-Sasaki method of speed-reading involves organized visual training while forming both a relaxed and concentrated state of mind, as in meditation. The present study examined relationships between reading speed, sentence comprehension, and eye movements while reading short Japanese novels. In addition to normal untrained readers, three middle-level trainees and one high-level expert on this method were included for the two case studies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In Study 1, three of 17 participants were middle-level trainees on the speed-reading method. Immediately after reading each story once on a computer monitor, participants answered true or false questions regarding the content of the novel. Eye movements while reading were recorded using an eye-tracking system. Results revealed higher reading speed and lower comprehension scores in the trainees than in the untrained participants. Furthermore, eye-tracking data by untrained participants revealed multiple correlations between reading speed, accuracy and eye-movement measures, with faster readers showing shorter fixation durations and larger saccades in X than slower readers. In Study 2, participants included a high-level expert and 14 untrained students. The expert showed higher reading speed and statistically comparable, although numerically lower, comprehension scores compared with the untrained participants. During test sessions this expert moved her eyes along a nearly straight horizontal line as a first pass, without moving her eyes over the whole sentence display as did the untrained students. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: In addition to revealing correlations between speed, comprehension and eye movements in reading Japanese contemporary novels by untrained readers, we describe cases of speed-reading trainees regarding relationships between these variables. The trainees overall tended to show poor performance influenced by the speed-accuracy trade-off, although this trade-off may be reduced in the case of at least one high-level expert

    地域在住高齢透析患者の活動範囲を規定する因子の検討

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    Background: Physical inactivity in elderly people deteriorates their physical capacity and quality of life and increases their mortality risk. However, a sedentary lifestyle is highly prevalent among elderly hemodialysis (HD) patients. This study aimed to explore the clinical characteristics of lifespace mobility-related factors such as muscle mass, nutritional status, and cardiac function in elderly HD patients.Method: Life-space mobility for 158 community-dwelling outpatients (aged ≥65 years) who were undergoing maintenance HD thrice a week was surveyed using the Life-Space Assessment( LSA). Parameters such as muscle mass, nutritional status, cardiac function, anemia, inflammation, and obesity were compared between male( n = 85) and female groups( n = 73), and the association between the LSA score and the parameters was investigated using multiple regression analysis in all subjects and the two groups.Results: The mean age of the patients was 73.7±5.8 years. LSA score, psoas muscle index( PMI), and serum creatinine( Cr) levels in the male group were significantly higher than those in the female group. Left ventricular ejection fraction was higher in the female group than in the male group. Using multiple regression analysis, the LSA score in all subjects was independently associated with Cr levels, male gender, and serum albumin levels. Furthermore, in the male group, the LSA score was associated with PMI, while in the female group, the LSA score was associated with serum albumin levels and diabetes mellitus.Conclusions: Our results suggested that higher life-space mobility was associated with higher muscle mass in the male group and with higher nutritional status and absence of diabetes mellitus in the female group. Further comprehensive studies with larger sample sizes are required to investigate additional factors such as physical function and psychosocial and environmental variables

    日本の金融市場を対象としたリスク管理と投資技術に関する研究

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    本論文では,複数の資産を保有することによる中心極限定理の効果を踏まえ,金融機関がリスク管理(オプション評価を含む)を統計的に行う上で,リスク資産が従う確率分布を正規分布と仮定することの妥当性を検討することをテーマとする.また,投資戦略の観点からは,個々の銘柄が非定常なプロセスに従うもの(ランダムウォーク)であっても,適切な組合せによるポートフォリオを組成し,ポートフォリオが定常なプロセスに従うようにすることで,投資効率の改善を目指すことをテーマとする.代表的な金融市場としては株式,債券,為替市場などがあり,また,これらを原資産としたオプションやクレジットデリバティブスワップ(CDS)など派生商品(デリバティブ)の取引を行う市場がある.金融機関では,このような様々なリスク資産の特性を捕まえながら,総合的なリスク管理や投資を実施している.例えば,リスク管理手法の一つとして,バリューアットリスク(VaR)がある.VaR とはリスク管理対象となる資産の収益率の確率分布から一定の信頼水準における最大損失額を示すものであり,金融機関ではリスク評価の一つの指標として取り入れている.ここで,各種リスク資産の収益率が従う確率分布は様々な形状の分布となることは想像するにたやすい.特に,近年においても,リーマンショックを発端とした株価急落の際には,株価が従うプロセスは,連続プロセスで表現するよりもジャンププロセスで表現するほうが望ましいといえる.一方で,金融機関において,単一のリスク資産のみを保有することはない為,保有するリスク資産が従う確率分布はたとえジャンプ成分を含んだ確率分布であっても多数集まったポートフォリオならば,中心極限定理の作用により,ほぼ正規分布とみなせる可能性がある.同様の事は,オプション評価や投資戦略においても想定され,上記のテーマを検討することにした.本論文の構成は次のとおり.第1章「序論」では,本論文の目的,背景,研究の進め方について述べる.第2章「市場分析」では,ある企業のバッドニュースが同業種企業の株価へ与える影響を相関係数の変化から分析を行い,また,CDS の倒産確率を国債利回りや社債スプレッドで説明できるかどうか,CDS・社債市場における格付等の観点から分析を行う.これら分析を通じて,価格プロセスにはジャンププロセスを踏まえたモデリングが重要であることを指摘する.第3章「リス管理手法」では,金融機関でリスク量を測る一つの指標であるVaR を対としている.個別株の株価リターンが従う確率分布がファットテイルを持つような場合では,正規分布を仮定したVaR ではリスクを過小評価してしまう可能性がある.ここで,VaR は通常,一つの値として認識されているが,VaR は過去の価格変化に基づいて推定することから,VaR 自体にも信頼水準が生じる.個別株の場合には,誤差を踏まえた場合においても,正規分布と経験分布のVaR の乖離が大きいことが想定される.一方で,ポートフォリオの収益率によって得られる経験分布に基づくVaR は,ポートフォリオを構成する銘柄数と観測データ数によって,中心極限定理的な効果により正規分布を仮定したVaR に近づく作用が想定される.第4章「オプション価格算出」では,株式オプション価格に見られるオプションの残存期間や行使価格に応じた中心極限定理の作用の速度について検証を行う.株価の日次収益率の確率分布は,正規分布と異なり歪度,尖度を持つものの,日次収益率の確率分布を紡いだ長期間でのリターンの確率分布は,中心極限定理の作用により,正規分布に近づくことが想定される.ここでは,収益率の確率分布が正規分布に収束する速度を確認する方法として,Edgeworth 展開を利用する.第5章「運用戦略」では,日本株式運用戦略として,資産価格の定常性に着目したポートフォリオ戦略を構築する.本章では,ベクトル誤差修正モデル(VECM)を利用して,共和分ベクトルを持つ組合せの銘柄によるポートフォリオを作成し,平均と分散が一定となる定常なプロセスを創出する.このポートフォリオは平均からの乖離幅が大きくなるほど,反転する可能性が高くなることが想定されることから,ボリンジャーバンド戦略を逆張り的に用いた戦略を適用することで,期待値で正の収益を得ることを目指す.第6章「まとめ」では,多数の資産によって得られる中心極限定理の作用から,金融機関がリスク管理を統計的に扱う場合,正規分布を利用することに大過はないことを確認し,また,複数の資産を適切な割合で組み合わせることにより,投資効率の改善ができたことに言及する.これらは,リスク管理,運用戦略の立案において,実務上,有用なインプリケーションを与えるものである.電気通信大学201

    Hemodynamic response to orthostatic stress immediately after dialysis session in chronic hemodialysis patients

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    Abstract Orthostatic hypotension is a risk factor for falls among chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients. This study aimed to investigate the hemodynamic response to orthostatic stress immediately after an HD session. Twenty-one HD patients (mean age, 70.2 ± 8.1 years; HD duration, 7.5 ± 6.4 years) participated in this study. Each 5-min hemodynamic monitoring was performed in the supine, semi-recumbent, and sitting positions immediately after an HD session. Hemodynamic variables were measured using a noninvasive beat-to-beat monitoring device during the test. Patients were divided into an intradialytic hypotension (IDH) group and a non-IDH group according to the presence or absence of IDH on the day of the measurements, and intra- and intergroup comparisons were performed. In the IDH group, the nadir values of systolic blood pressure in the semi-recumbent and sitting positions were significantly lower than those in the supine position and the last systolic blood pressure in the semi-recumbent position. The nadir of stroke volume in the sitting position was significantly lower than that in the supine position. There were no statistically significant intergroup differences in the changes for any positions. These results suggest that patients with IDH require special attention when getting out of bed to prevent post-dialytic falls

    Results of Study 1.

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    <p>Shown is the summary of correlations between independent variables (reading speed, comprehension scores, and residual values in the speed-accuracy linear regression) and eye-movement measures (saccade size, fixation time, and proportion of regression) across all the sessions from untrained participants. <i>R<sup>2</sup></i>: Pearson correlation coefficient.</p>*<p>: <i>p</i><0.05;</p>**<p>: <i>p</i><0.01;</p>***<p>: <i>p</i><0.001.</p

    Diagram of a test session in Studies 1 and 2.

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    <p>Japanese sentences shown here, i.e., part of the well-known novel <i>Hashire Melos</i> [Run, Melos!], are the samples used for the instruction. At the beginning fixation stage, participants were allowed to take sufficient time before starting each test session.</p
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