INFORMALIDAD DE LA VIVIENDA Y EL SUELO EN BUCARAMANGA Y CARTAGENA

Un diagnóstico de suelo y vivienda para las ciudades de Cartagena y su área de influencia, así como para Bucaramanga y su área metropolitana, que da cuenta de los incentivos que tienen los hogares y promotores de vivienda para optar por el mercado formal o informal de suelo y de vivienda y los mecanismos institucionales existentes para afrontar el problema. Con base en lo anterior, se proponen lineamientos para una estrategia nacional y local para corregir las fallas encontradas.Vivienda popular, urbanización informal

Photoelectrochemical Properties of Anodic TiO2 Nanosponge Layers

In the present work we grow TiO2 nanosponge structures by anodizing Ti in a glycerol/water/NH4F electrolyte to thickness of some mu m. We evaluate the photoelectrochemical behavior (bandgap, photocurrent-voltage characteristics) in presence and absence of methanol. Methanol drastically affects the photoresponse (due to hole capture and current doubling). The optimum thickness for photoelectrochemical applications of these nanostructures is dependent on the excitation wavelength. For applications such as solar light water splitting, anodic sponge structure of approximate to 500 nm thickness can be beneficially used to increase the photoresponse compared to compact TiO2 layers.The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation FPU grant given to Rita Sanchez Tovar, as well as DFG, and the DFG Cluster of Excellence (EAM) at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg for financial support.Sánchez Tovar, R.; Lee, K.; Garcia-Anton, J.; Schmuki, P. (2013). Photoelectrochemical Properties of Anodic TiO2 Nanosponge Layers. ECS Electrochemistry Letters. 2(3):9-11. doi:10.1149/2.005303eelS9112

HECHOS JURIDICAMENTE RELEVANTES Y PRINCIPIOS ORIENTADORES PARA SU ESTRUCTURACION Y CONTROL

Los Hechos jurídicamente, su correcta delimitación y control al determinar los mismos por parte de la fiscalía, ha sido un tema bastante abordando en la última década, de cara al rol fundamental que estos poseen en el transcurso del proceso penal que se adelanta en contra de determinado sujeto. Se abordó múltiples fuentes de información e investigaciones efectuadas por diversos autores, los cuales principalmente se enfocaban en definir la relevancia de los hechos jurídicamente relevantes, la trascendencia de su correcta delimitación de conformidad con los principios orientadores y la necesidad de ejercer control material al momento de determinarlos. Por lo anterior es esencial indicar que los hechos jurídicamente relevantes, son los que se establecen por parte de la fiscalía, los cuales servirán de base para proceder a realizar la imputación, acusación y continuar el tramite hasta la posible emisión de una sentencia ya sea condenatoria o absolutoria. Debido a lo mencionado, se hace necesario abordar el tema de acuerdo la importancia que los hechos jurídicamente relevantes poseen en el desarrollo del proceso penal Colombiano, indagando la forma en la que estos se pueden delimitar en pro de respetar los derechos de las partes involucradas en el proceso ya que el establecer o no de manera adecuada los hechos jurídicamente relevantes considerados como la base para el inicio de un proceso penal en contra de un sujeto, es de suma importancia debido porque garantías constitucionales y puede llegar a coartar los derechos de los implicados. Finalmente, se procederá a efectuar algunas reflexiones, sobre la forma en la que se están estableciendo por parte de la fiscalía, teniendo en cuenta las diversas investigaciones efectuadas frente al tema objeto de estudio y que permiten avizorar la importancia de los mismos y las consecuencias de su extralimitación o por el contrario de un trabajo ineficiente al establecerlosUniversidad Libre - Facultad de Derecho, Ciencias Políticas y Sociales - Especialización en Derecho Penal y CriminologíaLegally Relevant Facts and their correct delimitation and control when determining them by the prosecution, has been a topic that has been addressed in the last decade, in view of the fundamental role they play in the course of the criminal proceedings against a certain subject. Multiple sources of information and research by various authors were addressed, which mainly focused on defining the relevance of legally relevant facts, the importance of their correct delimitation in accordance with the guiding principles and the need to exercise material control at the time of determining them. Therefore, it is essential to indicate that the legally relevant facts are those established by the prosecutor's office, which will serve as the basis to proceed with the indictment, indictment and continue the process until the possible issuance of a conviction or acquittal. Due to the foregoing, it is necessary to address the issue of agreement on the importance that legally relevant facts have in the development of the Colombian criminal proceeding, Inquiring into the manner in which these can be delimited in order to respect the rights of the parties involved in the process since establishing or not adequately the legally relevant facts considered as the basis for the initiation of a criminal proceeding against a subject, is of the utmost importance because constitutional guarantees and may restrict the rights of those involved. Finally, I will proceed to make some reflections on the way in which they are being established by the prosecution, taking into account the various investigations carried out on the subject under study and that allow us to foresee the importance of the same and the consequences of their overreaching or, on the contrary, of an inefficient work in establishing them

Aislamiento e identificación de volátiles de Physalis philadelphica LAM

El objetivo de este trabajo fue aislar e identificar los componentes volátiles del tomate de cáscara Physalis philadelphica Lam. Por lavado con hexano, aireación dinámica (AD) y micro extracción en fase sólida (MEFS) se aislaron volátiles de P. philadelphica, los cuales se analizaron e identificaron por cromatografía de gases (CG) y CG acoplada a espectrometría de masas (CG-EM). Los compuestos recolectados por AD y MEFS se identificaron como salicilato de metilo, β-cariofileno, β-pineno, alcohol bencílico, 3-careno, β-elemeno, decanal y germacreno D. Los componentes recolectados lavando las plantas con hexano fueron β-cariofileno, linolenato de etilo, salicilato de metilo, β-pineno, ácido hexadecanoico, linolenato de metilo, alcohol bencílico, germacreno D, 3-careno, β-elemeno y decanal

Effect of Temperature on Galvanic Corrosion of Non-Welded/Welded AISI 316L Stainless Steel in H3PO4

[EN] Galvanic corrosion of non-welded/welded AISI 316L SS at different temperatures (25 degrees C to 60 degrees C) at a Reynolds number of 1456 in phosphoric acid has been studied using polarization curves (by the mixed potential theory) and zero resistance ammeter (ZRA) measurements. Imposed potential measurements provide more active predicted coupled potentials and higher Galvanic current densities than those obtained using ZRA measurements. Polarization curves show that the anode of the pair is the non-welded AISI 316L. Galvanic current density values obtained from polarization curves increase with temperature. ZRA tests present the highest i(G) values at 60 degrees C; however, the values are very close to zero for all the temperatures studied. This is in agreement with the low value of the compatibility limit and of the parameter which evaluate the Galvanic phenomenon importance. Both techniques present the most positive potentials at the highest temperature.The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Spanish MAEC (PCI Mediterráneo C/018046/08).Sánchez Tovar, R.; Montañés, M.; Garcia-Anton, J.; Guenbour, A. (2010). Effect of Temperature on Galvanic Corrosion of Non-Welded/Welded AISI 316L Stainless Steel in H3PO4. ECS Transactions. 25(37):63-81. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3407548S6381253

A Puzzling Case of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) Neurologic Syndrome

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a rare group of neurological disorders in which antibodies are directed against intracellular or surface antigens. The incidence of AE ranged from between 0.4-1.2 per 100,000 person-years between 1995 and 2015. A subset of these autoimmune encephalitides that target glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are termed anti-GAD related neurological disorders. GAD is the rate-limiting enzyme involved in the synthesis of GABA from glutamate, and is expressed in neurons of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In addition, it is found in the B-islets of the pancreas, epithelial cells of the fallopian tube, and spermatocytes of the testes. Antibodies directed against GAD have been linked to a group of autoimmune neurological syndromes such as stiff person syndrome (SPS), cerebellar ataxia (CA), limbic encephalitis, and temporal lobe epilepsy. In the following case report, a 62-year-old-male presented to the emergency department with dysphagia and drooling. On this admission, he had multiple neurological findings including right gaze palsy, diminish facial sensation on the right V1 branch, moderate left facial droop, and left leg dysmetria on Heel-Knee-Shin Test. We began the workup to determine the pathogenicity of the autoimmune response. We ordered several antibody titers from CSF and serum (anti-aquaporin4 IgG, anti-MOG IgG, anti-Ma 1 and 2, anti-amphiphysin, anti-gly5, anti- NMDAR, anti-VGKC). All antibodies were negative, and no oligoclonal bands were found on CSF analysis. Anti-GAD65 titers were elevated, giving us strong suspicion for anti-GAD immune-mediated neurologic disorders, which include stiff person syndrome (SPS), cerebellar ataxia (CA), limbic encephalitis, and temporal lobe epilepsy. From these disorders, cerebellar ataxia aligned with our patient’s clinical presentation. There were concerns that elevated anti-GAD65 antibodies could be due to underlying type 1 diabetes because B-islets in the pancreas also contain these antigens. Previous studies have demonstrated that highly elevated quantitative titer levels of anti-GAD65 (threshold \u3e10,000 units/mL) are associated with anti-GAD65 associated neurologic syndromes. This is particularly important because lower levels of anti-GAD65 help differentiate between an incidental finding of T1DM and these neurologic syndromes. However, similar studies demonstrate that even with low anti-GAD65 titers, 1-8% of patients still present with neurologic findings. Our case highlights the necessity for a systematic approach workup of autoimmune encephalitis. Currently, there are no established criteria for the diagnosis of these autoimmune neurologic syndromes, particularly in relation to GAD65 syndromes. Multiple in-vivo studies have shown limited evidence for the autoimmune pathogenicity of anti-GAD65 antibodies in stiff-person syndrome, cerebellar ataxia, limbic encephalitis, and temporal lobe epilepsy. This was evident in our management due to our patient’s limited clinical response to immunotherapy (IVIG and steroids). Our case report elucidates the need for scientific exploration into molecular mechanisms of anti-GAD65 neurologic syndromes

Medición de emisiones contaminantes de vehículos con motor a gasolina, empleando prueba estática

Articulo de Investigación.The pollutant emissions of vehicles with gasoline engine are analyzed, carrying out a verification of polluting emissions with static test, which allows knowing the chemical composition of five combustion gases coming from the exhaust of cars: CO, CO, NOx and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) as well as excess oxygen (O2). Random tests of emissions of polluting gases of private vehicles will be carried out, taking as sample the vehicles that move to the facilities of the UAEM Nezahualcóyotl University Center. The results will be analyzed based on the criteria established in the pollutant emission standards established for the circulation of light automotive vehicles (NOM-041-SEMARNAT-2015, NOM 042-SEMARNAT-2003 and NOM-EM-167- SEMARNAT-2016 ). As a result of the investigation, the polluting emissions from car exhaust were measured, the relationship between the type of pollutant found, the possible causes or failures in the emission control systems of gasoline vehicles was established. The preventive maintenance strategieSecretaria de Investigación de la Universidad Autonoma del Estado de México, Proyectos UAEM con financiamiento