Le rôle de la critique dans le processus d'évaluation d'un film par les consommateurs

Cette étude exploratoire a pour but de définir les facteurs qui ont le plus d'impact sur les jugements que portent les lecteurs d'une critique sur le film et sur le critique qui a évalué le film. Afin de mieux comprendre le rôle de la critique dans le processus d'évaluation d'un film par les consommateurs, nous avons conçu huit types de questionnaires à partir de trois variables de groupement qui sont : le sens de la critique (bonne ou mauvaise), la réputation du critique (établi ou non) et la réputation du réalisateur (réputé ou non). Dans chaque questionnaire, douze scénarios sont présents correspondant à trois facteurs répétés : le caractère distinctif (faible ou fort), le consensus (défavorable, pas de consensus ou consensus favorable) et la cohérence (faible ou forte). Chaque scénario présente une critique fictive, mais réaliste. Les questionnaires ont été administrés à des étudiants de maîtrise en administration à l'intérieur des salles de cours et récupérés lors de la séance suivante. Des hypothèses et des questions de recherche ont été formulées relativement aux effets des variables manipulées et de diverses caractéristiques personnelles (estime de soi, cinéphilie, expérience avec le cinéma, sensibilité à l'influence sociale, utilisation des critiques) sur l'évaluation du film, la crédibilité perçue du critique et la confiance dans le jugement. Les hypothèses de recherche ont pour la plupart été vérifiées. Le consensus ressort comme la variable la plus importante sur laquelle se basent les consommateurs pour juger le film et le critique. Les caractéristiques individuelles n'ont d'effet significatif que si la critique émise est négative

Ethnobotanical Survey, Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Pistacia lentiscus L. Growing in Northwestern Algeria

In the context of biological studies on an antidiabetic plant, we conducted an ethnobotanical study of Pistacia lentiscus L., collected from two regions in the Northwest of Algeria: Mesra (Mostaganem city) and Mohammadia (Mascara city), followed by a chemical and antioxidant studies of methanolic extracts the leaves of this plant. Ethnobotanically, the plant has a large use, especially in traditional medicine as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and cosmetics, such as polishing teeth and maintaining gums, moisturizing hair and protecting follicles, polishing skin and perfuming. Also, results showed its richness in active metabolites, such as polyphenols, flavonoids and tanins. The Mesra methanolic extract was more effective than Mohammadia’s one with 90.12 ± 2.74 mg EqGAc/g DW, 41.86 ± 1.52 mg EqCer/g DW, 27.45 ± 056 mg EqCat/g DW while Mohammadia extract revealed 80.31 ± 1.42 mg EqGAc/g DW, 33.92 ± 1.71 mg Eq Cer/g DW, 27.61 ±1.53 mg EqCat/g DW for phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins respectively. In addition, the antioxidant study revealed a powerful antioxidant effect with an IC50 of 0.06 mg/mL and 0.1 mg/mL for methanolic extract. This antidiabetic plant is valuable from a health point of view, so we are seeking to confirm another biological activity in vitro and in vivo

Serological, molecular characterization and epidemiological situation of equine influenza in the Arabic Maghreb countries between 1972 to 2010

AbstractEquine influenza is an infectious and contagious disease of horses. Studies on this topic are rare in the Maghreb countries. Therefore, the aim of this work is to present the various studies conducted on serological and molecular equine influenza virus since 1972 in the Maghreb region in particular in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.A total of four equine influenza strains were isolated in the Maghreb Arab region. A/equine/Nador/1/1997(H3N8), A/equine/Essaouira/2/2004(H3N8), A/equine/Essaouira/3/2004(H3N8) and A/equine/Algiers/1/1972(H3N8).The highest homology of HA nucleotide sequences of A/equine/Nador/1/1997(H3N8) with European strains: A/equine/Italy/1199/1992(H3N8) and A/equine/Brescia/1999(H3N8) clearly clustered A/equine/Nador/1/1997(H3N8) with the strains belonging to the European lineage. However, A/equine/Algiers/1/1972(H3N8), A/equine/Essaouira/2/2004(H3N8) and A/equine/Essaouira/3/2004(H3N8) were placed in the predivergent lineage indicating that like-Miami/63 strains infected equids in Morocco in 2004.This finding does not corroborate the recent studies of the H3N8 subtype of equine influenza viruses which have demonstrated that the oldest equine H3N8 strains, circulating before 1990 apparently went extinct

Dengue fever in Morocco: result of surveillance during the year 2017 and first imported cases

Dengue is a significant mosquito-borne infection in humans, and its worldwide prevalence is rapidly increasing. The vector aedes albopictus has been revealed recently in the town of Rabat. Morocco established a program of active surveillance of dengue fever comprising many hospitals and laboratories across the kingdom. The purpose of this work is to describe the result of the surveillance of the dengue virus (DENV) infection during the year of 2017 among Moroccans and tourists who presented in our hospital with clinical signs of infection and to report the first confirmed positive cases of Dengue.From 20 December 2016 to 20 December 2017, 21 patients were hospitalized for suspicion of DENV infection. Half of them were returning from Côte d’Ivoire which is a popular tourist and business country for Moroccans and where an outbreak of DENV was confirmed on July 2017. Fever, headache, arthralgia-myalgia and malaise in addition to the notion of return from an endemic country justify in clinicians the demand for analysis of detection of dengue virus by RT-PCR.Dengue infection was confirmed in two patient both coming from Côte d’Ivoire, a Moroccan and an Ivorian who were staying in Abidjan during the period of the outbreak of 2017

Chikungunya infection confirmed in a Moroccan traveller returning from Bangladesh

Recently, several countries reported imported cases of infection with chikungunya virus (CHIKV). We report the first case of chikungunya virus infection in Morocco. A 37-year old woman returned to Morocco on 15 August 2017, after she stayed in Dhaka-Bangladesh for 18months. She developed severe arthralgias and rash, fever up to 39°c. In next day’s symptoms progressively subsided but arthralgias remained for 3weeks. Laboratory findings didn't show lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia or elevated liver transaminases. Serological tests were positive for CHIKV IgM and negative for IgG antibodies. CHIKV-RNA was detected by RT-PCR. The patient was treated with non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol. After 15days of hospitalization, symptoms ameliorated but arthralgias persists. The vector is established in Morocco and since the virus is diagnosed in returning travellers, chikungunya has a potential for autochthonous transmission in Morocco, that’s why CHIKV must be included in the differential diagnosis of arthralgia in all travellers returning from countries with documented transmission of the virus

Recurrence of occult hepatitis B virus infection in a recipient of a liver transplant for HCV-related cirrhosis: full length genome, mutations analysis and literature review

The outcome of liver transplant recipients in HCV chronic carriers with Anti-HBc only concerning occult HBV infection is unknown. We report here the case of a patient who underwent liver transplantation (LT) for cirrhosis post chronic hepatitis C who received an allograft from a donor with no marker of hepatitis B infection. After LT, HBV DNA was detected in the serum in the absence of HBsAg while HCV RNA remained negative. To determine the origin of this occult HBV infection, we retrospectively examined stored serum and liver tissue, pre and post-transplantation, for HBV DNA by PCR. A stored liver biopsy of the donor before transplantation was also tested. HBV DNA was detected in the pre-transplant liver but not in the donor liver. HBV viral load quantified by real time PCR after LT ranged from about 102 to 5x103 HBV DNA copies/mg of liver, while in sera, concentrations ranged from 102 to 3x103 HBV DNA copies/ml. All PCR products in the S gene from liver and sera were sequenced. Analysis of sequences showed the presence of an HBV strain genotype D. The nucleotide homology between the patient’s HBV strains before and after LT was 96 % across the analyzed regions. Full length HBV genomes were amplified from the sera using Rolling Circle Amplification and then sequenced. Analysis of sequences confirmed the genotype D, but did not show obvious mutations that could contribute to HBsAg seronegativity and low HBV viral replication. Factors leading to occult HBV infection are still unclear, but it is well establish that occult HBV infection is frequent in HCV patients. This underlines the role of extra hepatic sites for HBV replication, potentially lymphocytes acting as “reservoirs”.  

A year of genomic surveillance reveals how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic unfolded in Africa.

The progression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in Africa has so far been heterogeneous, and the full impact is not yet well understood. In this study, we describe the genomic epidemiology using a dataset of 8746 genomes from 33 African countries and two overseas territories. We show that the epidemics in most countries were initiated by importations predominantly from Europe, which diminished after the early introduction of international travel restrictions. As the pandemic progressed, ongoing transmission in many countries and increasing mobility led to the emergence and spread within the continent of many variants of concern and interest, such as B.1.351, B.1.525, A.23.1, and C.1.1. Although distorted by low sampling numbers and blind spots, the findings highlight that Africa must not be left behind in the global pandemic response, otherwise it could become a source for new variants

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Le rôle de la critique dans le processus d'évaluation d'un film par les consommateurs

Cette étude exploratoire a pour but de définir les facteurs qui ont le plus d'impact sur les jugements que portent les lecteurs d'une critique sur le film et sur le critique qui a évalué le film. Afin de mieux comprendre le rôle de la critique dans le processus d'évaluation d'un film par les consommateurs, nous avons conçu huit types de questionnaires à partir de trois variables de groupement qui sont : le sens de la critique (bonne ou mauvaise), la réputation du critique (établi ou non) et la réputation du réalisateur (réputé ou non). Dans chaque questionnaire, douze scénarios sont présents correspondant à trois facteurs répétés : le caractère distinctif (faible ou fort), le consensus (défavorable, pas de consensus ou consensus favorable) et la cohérence (faible ou forte). Chaque scénario présente une critique fictive, mais réaliste. Les questionnaires ont été administrés à des étudiants de maîtrise en administration à l'intérieur des salles de cours et récupérés lors de la séance suivante. Des hypothèses et des questions de recherche ont été formulées relativement aux effets des variables manipulées et de diverses caractéristiques personnelles (estime de soi, cinéphilie, expérience avec le cinéma, sensibilité à l'influence sociale, utilisation des critiques) sur l'évaluation du film, la crédibilité perçue du critique et la confiance dans le jugement. Les hypothèses de recherche ont pour la plupart été vérifiées. Le consensus ressort comme la variable la plus importante sur laquelle se basent les consommateurs pour juger le film et le critique. Les caractéristiques individuelles n'ont d'effet significatif que si la critique émise est négative

Analysis of chromosome loss and chromosome segregation in cytokinesis-blocked human lymphocytes: Non-disjunction is the prevalent mistake in chromosome segregation produced by low dose exposure to ionizing radiation

The aim of the present work was to examine in human lymphocytes, firstly, whether in vitro γ-rays as compared with X-rays also induce chromatid malsegregation and at higher frequencies than chromosome loss and, secondly, whether the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization might be useful for the biomonitoring of individuals exposed to ionizing radiation. After irradiation, the relative frequencies of centromere-positive micronuclei decreased from 39.2 at 0.1 Gy to 21.63 at higher doses. There was no statistically significant increase in MNCen + frequencies at doses below 1 Gy (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 Gy), but a statistically significant increase at 1 (P < 0.05) and 2 Gy (P < 0.001) was observed for all the donors. No significant differences in baseline and γ-ray-induced non-disjunction frequencies for chromosomes 1 (P = 0.9) and 17 (P = 0.8) between individuals were detected. For radiation-induced non-disjunction, lower doses (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 Gy) of γ-rays did not induce a statistically significant increase in nondisjunction frequencies whereas 1 Gy and above clearly induced a statistically significant increase in the total nondisjunction frequencies for all the donors (P < 0.05 at 1 Gy and P < 0.0001 at 2 Gy). The aneugenic effect of radiation is less clearly dose dependent at the lower doses, suggesting an apparent threshold below which no change could be demonstrated. At high radiation doses the major mechanism for γ-ray-induced aneuploidy is related to chromosome loss through non-disjunction, as has been demonstrated using X-rays, and not through the formation of micronuclei.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe