Choix de politique economique et coherence de la decision publique: Comprendre le retard economique

La politique économique, ensemble de mesures et d’instruments sélectionnés, est l‘expression de la décision des pouvoirs publics. Aussi procéder à son évaluation reviendrait en réalité à regarder de près la décision l’ayant amenée. C’est parce que trop souvent l’ineffi-cacité d’une politique économique est le fait de contradictions décisionnelles que du fait des leviers mis en oeuvre, aussi la décision publique devient-elle objet d’évaluation à différentes échelles nationa-les qu’internationales.Quoique la théorie de la décision soit à l’aube de la théorie économique cela n’empêche pas la majorité des économistes de s’y accrocher pour donner explication à l’évolution des faits économi-ques. L’objet de cette analyse est de contribuer à ce débat par l’exa-men de la décision de comportement du décideur public algérien dans les contextes successifs d’évolution de l’économie nationale. Et de constater, par les faits générés, qu’en fait le retard économique est en grande partie dû aux nombreuses contradictions décisionnelles ayant accompagnées les programmes économiques et sociaux plutôt qu’au gap technologique !Mots clefs: Economie, Décision, Comportement, Cohérence, Contradictions, tau

Extraction of electrical parameters for one diode photovoltaic model using quasi-oppositional Rao-1 optimization algorithm

Usually the model parameters of photovoltaic (PV) cells are unavailable in their datasheet provided by the manufacturers. Hence, the problem of extracting appropriate PV parameters is of high importance, and has been highly attracted by researchers. This paper presents a new method to estimate the parameters of the one diode model (ODM), namely quasi-oppositional Rao-1 optimization algorithm (QORao-1). The present method uses only addition and multiplication operations with a quasi-oppositional-based learning process, in order to improve the exploration capability of the original Rao-1 algorithm. Hence, an attractive amelioration in the Root-Mean-Square-Error (RMSE) values is acquired. Comparative performance analysis demonstrates that the QORao-1 algorithm has better performance in terms of robustness and accuracy while estimating the PV parameters than many well-known algorithms

Evolutions and threats to land management in the peri-urban area of the city of Sidi Bel Abbes (Algeria) - an analysis based on spatial cadastral data

Sidi Bel Abbes, the capital of Mekerra, a city of the interior plain, where agricultural land has experienced urban spillover at the expense of peri-urban land. The accelerated sprawl between 1987 and 2019 is expressed by threats to peri-urban state land, the pressure on agricultural activity on the peripheries of the city, and a relaxation of respect for planning policies at the local level. How can peri-urban land be better protected, and consequently encourage agricul-tural use, without abandoning it? This work analyses the legal nature of the land taken for the benefit of urban construction and characterizes its spread using Landsat multispectral satellite data. Our approach is based on the following question: Does urban sprawl impact the man-agement of land and its legal nature? What is the future of this land in the face of current threats and future planning and urban development orientations? The cartographic analyses with the actual practices of the different social groups in the field have made it possible to evaluate the relationship between agricultural policy, and implementation and to situate the conflicts or threats about urban sprawl. The north of the city of Sidi Bel Abbes (cadastral sec-tion n°3, 324.74 ha), is where 45% of state land is acquired for building purposes. A reorienta-tion of the peri-urban land is currently presented by a new management mode of an individual type, as a means of freezing and/or preserving the land: the creation of hedges and fences, the introduction of arboriculture (olive tree or other). Observations on site made it possible to ex-plain these practices, which are at the origin of these current representations. The crops prac-tice is linked to the profit drawn on compensations, and the plantations are a source of good remuneration

Chikungunya infection confirmed in a Moroccan traveller returning from Bangladesh

Recently, several countries reported imported cases of infection with chikungunya virus (CHIKV). We report the first case of chikungunya virus infection in Morocco. A 37-year old woman returned to Morocco on 15 August 2017, after she stayed in Dhaka-Bangladesh for 18months. She developed severe arthralgias and rash, fever up to 39°c. In next day’s symptoms progressively subsided but arthralgias remained for 3weeks. Laboratory findings didn't show lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia or elevated liver transaminases. Serological tests were positive for CHIKV IgM and negative for IgG antibodies. CHIKV-RNA was detected by RT-PCR. The patient was treated with non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol. After 15days of hospitalization, symptoms ameliorated but arthralgias persists. The vector is established in Morocco and since the virus is diagnosed in returning travellers, chikungunya has a potential for autochthonous transmission in Morocco, that’s why CHIKV must be included in the differential diagnosis of arthralgia in all travellers returning from countries with documented transmission of the virus

Accumulation of meningeal lymphocytes correlates with white matter lesion activity in progressive multiple sclerosis

Subpial cortical demyelination is an important component of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology contributing to disease progression, yet mechanism(s) underlying its development remain unclear. Compartmentalized inflammation involving the meninges may drive this type of injury. Given recent findings identifying substantial white matter (WM) lesion activity in patients with progressive MS, elucidating whether and how WM lesional activity relates to meningeal inflammation and subpial cortical injury is of interest. Using postmortem FFPE tissue blocks (range, 5-72 blocks; median, 30 blocks) for each of 27 patients with progressive MS, we assessed the relationship between meningeal inflammation, the extent of subpial cortical demyelination, and the state of subcortical WM lesional activity. Meningeal accumulations of T cells and B cells, but not myeloid cells, were spatially adjacent to subpial cortical lesions, and greater immune cell accumulation was associated with larger subpial lesion areas. Patients with a higher extent of meningeal inflammation harbored a greater proportion of active and mixed active/inactive WM lesions and an overall lower proportion of inactive and remyelinated WM lesions. Our findings support the involvement of meningeal lymphocytes in subpial cortical injury and point to a potential link between inflammatory subpial cortical demyelination and pathological mechanisms occurring in the subcortical WM

Inhibition of SLPI ameliorates disease activity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) exerts wide ranging effects on inflammatory pathways and is upregulated in EAE but the biological role of SLPI in EAE, an animal model of multiple sclerosis is unknown</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To investigate the pathophysiological effects of SLPI within EAE, we induced SLPI-neutralizing antibodies in mice and rats to determine the clinical severity of the disease. In addition we studied the effects of SLPI on the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The induction of SLPI neutralizing antibodies resulted in a milder disease course in mouse and rat EAE. SLPI neutralization was associated with increased serum levels of TGF-β and increased numbers of FoxP3+ CD4+ T cells in lymph nodes. <it>In vitro</it>, the addition of SLPI significantly decreased the number of functional FoxP3+ CD25^hiCD4+ regulatory T cells in cultures of naive human CD4+ T cells. Adding recombinant TGF-β to SLPI-treated human T cell cultures neutralized SLPI's inhibitory effect on regulatory T cell differentiation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In EAE, SLPI exerts potent pro-inflammatory actions by modulation of T-cell activity and its neutralization may be beneficial for the disease.</p

A year of genomic surveillance reveals how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic unfolded in Africa

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A year of genomic surveillance reveals how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic unfolded in Africa.

The progression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in Africa has so far been heterogeneous, and the full impact is not yet well understood. In this study, we describe the genomic epidemiology using a dataset of 8746 genomes from 33 African countries and two overseas territories. We show that the epidemics in most countries were initiated by importations predominantly from Europe, which diminished after the early introduction of international travel restrictions. As the pandemic progressed, ongoing transmission in many countries and increasing mobility led to the emergence and spread within the continent of many variants of concern and interest, such as B.1.351, B.1.525, A.23.1, and C.1.1. Although distorted by low sampling numbers and blind spots, the findings highlight that Africa must not be left behind in the global pandemic response, otherwise it could become a source for new variants