FUNGAL SPORES AND POLLEN AS POTENTIAL NUTRITIONAL ADDITIVES FOR THE CROSS SPIDER Araneus diadematus Clerck (ARANEAE, ARANEIDAE).

Prior to make a new cobweb, the Araneus diadematus Clerck cross spider eats its old web regulary everyday. In this paper we issue a quantitative and qualitative analysis of pollen grains and fungal spores present in the cob web, which might contribute to the diet of this arachnide. Cob webs were collected at the Natural Park of Ticino (Pavia, northern Italy). Fungal spores and pollen grains were taxonomically counted and identified for each sample. Quantitative analysis showed that both spores and pollen present in the cob webs exhibited some seasonal variation as regards quantity, whereas the qualitative analysis revealed that spores and pollen grains belong to 14 and 7 taxa, respectively. Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarum were the most frequent fungal taxa while Urticaceae, Betulaceae and Poaceaebecame the most representative plant families. About 5700 fungal spores and 2000 pollen grains were found to be present in the cob web of this spider everyday. Based on this information, it is possible to think that the aeroplancton stuck to the cob web can become a nutritional additive for the diet of this arachnide

fungal spores and pollen as potential nutritional additives for the cross spider araneus diadematus clerck araneae araneidae

Prior to make a new cobweb, the Araneus diadematus Clerck cross spider eats its old web regulary everyday. In this paper we issue a quantitative and qualitative analysis of pollen grains and fungal spores present in the cob web, which might contribute to the diet of this arachnide. Cob webs were collected at the Natural Park of Ticino (Pavia, northern Italy). Fungal spores and pollen grains were taxonomically counted and identified for each sample. Quantitative analysis showed that both spores and pollen present in the cob webs exhibited some seasonal variation as regards quantity, whereas the qualitative analysis revealed that spores and pollen grains belong to 14 and 7 taxa, respectively. Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarum were the most frequent fungal taxa while Urticaceae, Betulaceae and Poaceae became the most representative plant families. About 5700 fungal spores and 2000 pollen grains were found to be present in the cob web of this spider everyday. Based on this information, it is possible to think that the aeroplancton stuck to the cob web can become a nutritional additive for the diet of this arachnide

Lipophilic components from the Ecuadorian plant Schistocarpha eupatorioides.

Phytochemical investigation of secondary metabolites of the Ecuadorian plant Schistocarpha eupatorioides (Fenzl) Kuntze (Asteraceae) afforded three phytyl fatty acid esters along with a mixture of unidentified polyprenols, the very well known sterols β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, and their corresponding fatty acid esters and glucosyl derivatives. The structures of the compounds were elucidated on the basis of various spectroscopic means. In addition, a volatile fraction was separated the composition of which, comprising sesquiterpene hydrocarbons as the main fraction, was determined by GC-MS

conidial fungi from salix herbacea leaf litter and their growth temperature preferences

A preliminary qualitative analysis was carried out on fungal composition of leaf litter of Salix herbacea growing on Gran Sasso, Monti della Laga (TE), the highest mountain of the Apennines. Direct isolation in humid chamber and culture of soil on plates were used as methods. The most isolated genera were Acremonium, Cladosporium, Lecanicillium, Mucor, Penicillium and Pestalotia. Lag period and radial growth of the colonies were recorded at different temperatures from -1 to 45oC. and the optimal temperature for growth and sporulation was detected for each isolate. Most of the isolated strains were psychrotolerant mesophyle and capable to grow within a 1oC to +30oC range, except for a thermotolerant strain of Penicillium that could grow at 45oC .They exhibited a wide range of thermal tolerance together with their ability to grow in habitats which are commonly submitted to great changes in temperature similar to those occurring in alpine climate. Data presented in this paper can be useful to understand the ecological requirements of the fungal components of high mountain ecosystems that are often subject to monitoring in the investigation of the effects of global climatic changes

Trichoderma: Evaluation of Its Degrading Abilities for the Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Complex Mixtures

Hydrocarbons can have very harmful effects on organisms and the environment, and conventional techniques for their removal are expensive and require the use of chemicals and long-term actions. Trichoderma is an ascomycete genus known to be active on different recalcitrant substrates, since it can produce a set of nonspecific extracellular enzymes generally involved in the degradation of lignin. However, the literature concerning the use of Trichoderma to degrade hydrocarbons is still limited. In this work we aimed to investigate the ability of Trichoderma to exploit used engine oil as its sole carbon source for prospective bioremediation of contaminated substrates. Four different strains belonging to Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma harzianum species were tested. The fungi were inoculated in direct contact with used engine oil, and after 45 days the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results showed that all strains (except Trichoderma asperellum F1020) significantly changed the oil composition, decreasing the aromatic fraction in favor of the aliphatic one. T. harzianum F26, especially, showed a significant reduction of the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the three xylene isomers) and alkylbenzenes fraction and an increase in short-chain aliphatics C1–C20. Enzymatic tests for laccase and peroxidase were also carried out, demonstrating that every strain seems to express a different mode of actio

Iridoids Isolation from a Phytochemical Study of the Medicinal Plant Teucrium parviflorum Collected in Iraqi Kurdistan

Herbal medicines are still widely practiced in Kurdistan Region-Iraq, especially by people living in villages on mountainous regions. Among plants belonging to the genus Teucrium (family Lamiaceae), which are commonly employed in the Kurdish traditional medicine, we have analyzed, for the first time, the methanol and aqueous methanol extracts of T. parviflorum aerial parts. The plant is mainly used by Kurds to treat jaundice, liver disorders and stomachache. We aimed to determine the phytochemical profile of the extracts and the structures of the main components, so to provide a scientific rationale for the ancient use of the plant in the ethno-pharmacological field. TLC analysis of the two extracts on silica gel and reversed phase TLC plates, using different visualization systems, indicated similar contents and the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids and sugars. The chlorophyll-free extracts exhibited weak/no antimicrobial activities against a panel of bacteria (MICs = 800–1600 µg/mL) and fungal strains (MICs ≥ 5 mg/mL). At the concentration of 600 µg/mL, the methanol extract showed moderate antiproliferative effects against A549 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines in the MTS assay. Moreover, both extracts exhibited a significant dose-dependent free radical scavenging action against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical (EC50 = 62.11 and 44.25 μg/mL, respectively). In a phytochemical study, a high phenolic content (77.08 and 81.47 mg GAE/g dry extract, respectively) was found in both extracts by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. Medium pressure liquid chromatographic (MPLC) separation of the methanol extract on a reversed phase cartridge eluted with a gradient of MeOH in H2O, afforded two bioactive iridoid glucosides, harpagide (1) and 8-O-acetylharpagide (2). The structures of 1 and 2 were established by spectral data, chemical reactions, and comparison with the literature. Interestingly, significant amounts of hepatotoxic furano neo-clerodane diterpenoids, commonly occurring in Teucrium species, were not detected in the extract. The wide range of biological activities reported in the literature for compounds 1 and 2 and the significant antiradical effects of the extracts give scientific support to the traditional use in Iraqi Kurdistan of T. parviflorum aerial parts for the preparation of herbal remedies

Phytochemical researches and antimicrobial activity of Clinopodium nubigenum Kunth (Kuntze) raw extracts

The essential oil of the species Clinopodium nubigenum (Kunth) Kuntze, Lamiaceae, was analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID, taking into account the more recent literature. Among the seventy compounds identified, the majority are oxygenated monoterpenoids. The essential oil, tested for antimicrobial activity, resulted effective in vitro against Candida albicans. From the aqueous MeOH extract of the aerial parts of the plant two nonvolatile compounds, named schizonepetoside A and schizonepedoside C, have been isolated. They are rare glycosyl terpenoids, which were previously isolated from only one plant, but never found before in the genus Clinopodium

ACTIVIDAD ANTAGONICA DE HONGOS ENDOFITOS DE PLANTAS MEDICINALES DEL ECUADOR SOBRE BACTERIAS PATOGENAS

Mediante una investigación a lo largo del sector suburbano de la ciudad de Loja-Ecuador, dedicada al cultivo de plantas medicinales, se aíslaron los hongos endófitos asociados a Baccharis latifolia (Ruiz & Pav.)Pers., Baccharis obtusifolia Kunth, Piper barbatum Kunth, Borreria laevis (Lam.) Grises, Chuquiragua jussieui J.F. Gmel y Bidens andicola Kunth. Los taxa fúngicos más frecuentes fueron: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Phoma, además de algunos representantes de los grupos: coelomycetes, sinnematosos y Zygomycota. La mayor dominancia fúngica correspondió a integrantes de los denominados «Mycelia sterilia», siendo de particular interés comoposibles endófitos. Se evaluó además la interacción antagónica de siete aislados fúngicos frente a bacterias: Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumomiae,  Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Escherichia coli. La mayoríade las cepas fúngicas estudiadas presentaron actividad, pero los resultados más prometedores se evidenciaron en un aislado de «Mycelia sterilia»

actividad antagonica de hongos endofitos de plantas medicinales del ecuador sobre bacterias patogenas

Mediante una investigacion a lo largo del sector suburbano de la ciudad de Loja-Ecuador, dedicada al cultivo de plantas medicinales, se aislaron los hongos endofitos asociados a Baccharis latifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers., Baccharis obtusifolia Kunth, Piper barbatum Kunth, Borreria laevis (Lam.) Grises, Chuquiragua jussieui J.F. Gmel y Bidens andicola Kunth. Los taxa fungicos mas frecuentes fueron: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Phoma, ademas de algunos representantes de los grupos: coelomycetes, sinnematosos y Zygomycota. La mayor dominancia fungica correspondio a integrantes de los denominados «Mycelia sterilia», siendo de particular interes como posibles endofitos. Se evaluo ademas la interaccion antagonica de siete aislados fungicos frente a bacterias: Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumomiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Escherichia coli. La mayoria de las cepas fungicas estudiadas presentaron actividad, pero los resultados mas prometedores se evidenciaron en un aislado de «Mycelia sterilia»

Diversity of Mycobiota Associated with the Cereal Cyst Nematode Heterodera filipjevi Originating from Some Localities of the Pannonian Plain in Serbia

Cereals, particularly wheat, are staple food of the people from the Balkans, dating back to the Neolithic age. In Serbia, cereals are predominantly grown in its northern part between 44◦ and 45.5◦ N of the Pannonian Plain. One of the most economically important nematodes on wheat is the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera filipjevi. Cysts of H. filipjevi survive in soil for years and shelter a large number of microorganisms. The aims of this study were to investigate the diversity of mycobiota associated with the cereal cyst nematode H. filipjevi, to infer phylogenetic relationships of the found mycobiota, and to explore the ecological connection between fungi and the field history, including the potential of fungi in bioremediation and the production of novel bioactive compounds. Cysts were isolated from soil samples with a Spears apparatus and collected on a 150-µm sieve. The cysts were placed on potato dextrose agar, and maintained for two weeks at 27◦C. Following fungal isolation and colony growing, the fungal DNA was extracted, the ITS region was amplified, and PCR products were sequenced. The study showed that the isolated fungal species belong to diverse phyla, including Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucoromycota. Ascomycota is represented by the families Clavicipitaceae, Sarocladiaceae, Nectriaceae, and Phaeosphaeriaceae. Basidiomycota is represented by the families Cerrenaceae, Polyporaceae, Phanerochaetaceae, and Meruliaceae, and the order Cantharellales. The family Mortierellaceae represents Mucoromycota. The members of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota both depict the field history. Ascomycota indicate the fungal infection is of recent origin, while Basidiomycota point toward the preceding host plants, enabling the plant field colonization history to be traced chronologicall