Modeling carbom dynamics in an arid forest ecosystem

金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科大阪大学筑波大学成蹊大学信州大学2005 International Symposium on Environmental Mornitoring in East Asia -Remote Sensing and Forests-,Hosted The EMEA Project, Kanazawa University 21st=Century COE Program -Environmental Monitoring and Predicition of Long- and Short- Term Dynamics of Pan-Japan Sea Area- ,予稿集, EMEA 2005 in Kanazawa, 国際学術研究公開シンポジウム『東アジアの環境モニタリング』－リモートセンシングと森林－,年月日：200511月28日～29日, 場所：KKRホテル金沢, 金沢大学自然科学研究科, 主催：金沢大学EMEAプロジェクト, 共催：金沢大学21世紀COEプログラム「環日本海域の環境変動と長期・短期変動予測

Runoff Model Development and Validation for Afforestation in Arid Land of Western Australia

Abstract: As a countermeasure against global warming, large scale afforestation of arid land has been done by fixing atmospheric CO 2 into plants. In arid land, however most of the rainwater is lost by runoff and evaporation. Effective use of rainwater is required for afforestation. Thus, we made an original runoff model to evaluate water distribution in a research area. In this study, we report determination of parameters in the original runoff model with Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to estimate water movement for the selection of afforestation place. From the comparison of actual and numerical results, the two sensitive parameters were decided and the characteristics of runoff water movement were elucidated hydrologically. Moreover, validation on expansion of mesh size for application of this model in large scale area was done. However, numerical results with large size mesh hadn't been approximated to small size mesh, because of roughness information of large size mesh. It was our assignment of future investigation. Keywords: Afforestation, DEM, Mesh size, Runoff, Simulation Introduction For the mitigation of global warming issue, a large scale afforestation of arid land has been promoted to fix atmospheric carbon on land which is not effectively used. Arid land area is huge in the world but the most important problem is lack of water for afforestation because of the small amount of rainfall and occurrence of runoff on soil surface. Most of runoff water is evaporated without using for plants, therefore, it is necessary to use runoff water effectively for arid land afforestation. The authors have demonstrated the improve the land condition for afforestation by introducing artificial technologies The purpose of this study is to estimate the distribution of runoff water by using the original runoff model for selection of the best afforestation places. In this report, two sensitive parameters in the original runoff model were decided to estimate water movement for the selection of afforestation place. Moreover, expansion of mesh size by using our model was validated to calculate in large scale area

The Short Term Effects of Organic Matter and Ripping on Degraded Soil in Western Australia

Abstract: The effect of wheat bran and ripping application on degraded soil such as saline soil, compacted soil and low fertile soil in Western Australia was investigated from the chemical and biological points of view. Ripping decreased ECe because of leaching of water soluble cation from topsoil. Wheat bran increased soil fertility due to enhanced enzyme activity. Potassium from bran displaced exchangeable sodium in soil, and resulted in reduction of soil dispersion and was absorbed by barley grain. Wheat bran increased number of spikelet and grain yield in degraded soil

Litter carbon dynamics analysis in forests in an arid ecosystem with a model incorporating the physical removal of litter

金沢大学理工研究域自然システム学系Arid land afforestation could be a countermeasure for global warming, and a project for developing and evaluating techniques for arid land afforestation and reforestation has been carried out in Sturt Meadows near Leonora, Western Australia. As a part of this project, the litter carbon dynamics were investigated at three Acacia aneura forest sites, using a litter carbon model incorporating the physical removal of litter by winds, floods, etc. Based on the field observation data of above ground plant biomass, annual litter fall, existing amount of the litter, and also litter decomposition rate constants separately obtained for leaf litter and woody litter, we investigated the carbon flows at these forest sites, especially the annual amount of litter physically removed from the sites by floods or winds. As a result, it is estimated that annual physical removal of litter amounted to 59-75% of the annual litter fall, and the litter removal rate constants were from 0.38 to 0.55 year-1. Roughly one third to a half of the existing litter is removed annually from the sites. There was also a tendency that as the canopy coverage decreases, the litter removal rate constant increases. For this type of ecosystem, which is susceptible to the run-off of water and strong winds, we consider the taking into account of the physical removal of the litter is essential for analyzing the carbon dynamics in the ecosystem. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Two Aldehyde Clearance Systems Are Essential to Prevent Lethal Formaldehyde Accumulation in Mice and Humans.

Reactive aldehydes arise as by-products of metabolism and are normally cleared by multiple families of enzymes. We find that mice lacking two aldehyde detoxifying enzymes, mitochondrial ALDH2 and cytoplasmic ADH5, have greatly shortened lifespans and develop leukemia. Hematopoiesis is disrupted profoundly, with a reduction of hematopoietic stem cells and common lymphoid progenitors causing a severely depleted acquired immune system. We show that formaldehyde is a common substrate of ALDH2 and ADH5 and establish methods to quantify elevated blood formaldehyde and formaldehyde-DNA adducts in tissues. Bone-marrow-derived progenitors actively engage DNA repair but also imprint a formaldehyde-driven mutation signature similar to aging-associated human cancer mutation signatures. Furthermore, we identify analogous genetic defects in children causing a previously uncharacterized inherited bone marrow failure and pre-leukemic syndrome. Endogenous formaldehyde clearance alone is therefore critical for hematopoiesis and in limiting mutagenesis in somatic tissues