コクサイ ヘイワ イジ カツドウ ノ ブリョク コウシ ニカンシテ : MONUC ト KFOR オ ケース ニ

本論は、国際平和維持活動における伝統的な課題である武力行使について論じる。平和維持活動、とりわけ平和執行部隊における武力行使は、国際連合(国連)や地域機構を代表とする非国連におけるミッション双方によって積極的に推進された経緯があり、それと同時にケース・スタディーとして多く論文等においてミッションの武力行使について論じられてきた。本論では、中でもコンゴ民主共和国における国連ミッションであるMONUCとコソボにおけるNATO のミッションであるKFOR の2 つの平和執行部隊の武力行使に関する効果について調査をした。その結果、武力行使においては兵力の規模や軍備の精度は過大評価されるべきではないという結論に至った。本論では、平和活動における武力行使や派遣国のあり方は国際的に規定されるべきであり、さらに派遣されるタイミングや、それに至る準備やPKO 要員の意識の高さ、さらには強健な政治的な意志も重要な要因であると結論付けている。This paper deals with one of the traditional issues on international peacekeeping operations,the use of force. The use of force by peacekeeping operations, especially, peace-enforcement has been positively advocated by UN and non-UN missions, and a number of "lesson-learned" type of publications were identified. This paper then focuses on the two peace-enforcement operations led by the UN and NATO, namely, MONUC (Mission de l\u27Organisation des Nations Unies en Republique democratique du Congo; United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and KFOR (Kosovo Force) in Kosovo and examines the effectiveness of the use of force in those operations. This paper concludes that one should not overestimate the use of force in peace operations simply with a large number of troops and sophisticated equipment. This paper recommends that peace operations, especially in terms of the use of force and its contributing states, should be more regulated with an international consensus. The cases of MONUC and KFOR are strong indicators that the timing, preparedness and awareness, and the political will of robust operations are also important factors for the use of force in international peacekeepin

コクサイ ヘイワ イジ カツドウ ノ ブリョク コウシ ニカンシテ : MONUC ト KFOR オ ケース ニ

本論は、国際平和維持活動における伝統的な課題である武力行使について論じる。平和維持活動、とりわけ平和執行部隊における武力行使は、国際連合(国連)や地域機構を代表とする非国連におけるミッション双方によって積極的に推進された経緯があり、それと同時にケース・スタディーとして多く論文等においてミッションの武力行使について論じられてきた。本論では、中でもコンゴ民主共和国における国連ミッションであるMONUCとコソボにおけるNATO のミッションであるKFOR の2 つの平和執行部隊の武力行使に関する効果について調査をした。その結果、武力行使においては兵力の規模や軍備の精度は過大評価されるべきではないという結論に至った。本論では、平和活動における武力行使や派遣国のあり方は国際的に規定されるべきであり、さらに派遣されるタイミングや、それに至る準備やPKO 要員の意識の高さ、さらには強健な政治的な意志も重要な要因であると結論付けている。This paper deals with one of the traditional issues on international peacekeeping operations,the use of force. The use of force by peacekeeping operations, especially, peace-enforcement has been positively advocated by UN and non-UN missions, and a number of "lesson-learned" type of publications were identified. This paper then focuses on the two peace-enforcement operations led by the UN and NATO, namely, MONUC (Mission de l\u27Organisation des Nations Unies en Republique democratique du Congo; United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and KFOR (Kosovo Force) in Kosovo and examines the effectiveness of the use of force in those operations. This paper concludes that one should not overestimate the use of force in peace operations simply with a large number of troops and sophisticated equipment. This paper recommends that peace operations, especially in terms of the use of force and its contributing states, should be more regulated with an international consensus. The cases of MONUC and KFOR are strong indicators that the timing, preparedness and awareness, and the political will of robust operations are also important factors for the use of force in international peacekeepin

CNVs in Three Psychiatric Disorders

BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine the similarities and differences in the roles of genic and regulatory copy number variations (CNVs) in bipolar disorder (BD), schizophrenia (SCZ), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS: Based on high-resolution CNV data from 8708 Japanese samples, we performed to our knowledge the largest cross-disorder analysis of genic and regulatory CNVs in BD, SCZ, and ASD. RESULTS: In genic CNVs, we found an increased burden of smaller (500 kb) exonic CNVs in SCZ/ASD. Pathogenic CNVs linked to neurodevelopmental disorders were significantly associated with the risk for each disorder, but BD and SCZ/ASD differed in terms of the effect size (smaller in BD) and subtype distribution of CNVs linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. We identified 3 synaptic genes (DLG2, PCDH15, and ASTN2) as risk factors for BD. Whereas gene set analysis showed that BD-associated pathways were restricted to chromatin biology, SCZ and ASD involved more extensive and similar pathways. Nevertheless, a correlation analysis of gene set results indicated weak but significant pathway similarities between BD and SCZ or ASD (r = 0.25–0.31). In SCZ and ASD, but not BD, CNVs were significantly enriched in enhancers and promoters in brain tissue. CONCLUSIONS: BD and SCZ/ASD differ in terms of CNV burden, characteristics of CNVs linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, and regulatory CNVs. On the other hand, they have shared molecular mechanisms, including chromatin biology. The BD risk genes identified here could provide insight into the pathogenesis of BD

Comparative Analyses of Copy-Number Variation in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia Reveal Etiological Overlap and Biological Insights

Summary: Compelling evidence in Caucasian populations suggests a role for copy-number variations (CNVs) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). We analyzed 1,108 ASD cases, 2,458 SCZ cases, and 2,095 controls in a Japanese population and confirmed an increased burden of rare exonic CNVs in both disorders. Clinically significant (or pathogenic) CNVs, including those at 29 loci common to both disorders, were found in about 8% of ASD and SCZ cases, which was significantly higher than in controls. Phenotypic analysis revealed an association between clinically significant CNVs and intellectual disability. Gene set analysis showed significant overlap of biological pathways in both disorders including oxidative stress response, lipid metabolism/modification, and genomic integrity. Finally, based on bioinformatics analysis, we identified multiple disease-relevant genes in eight well-known ASD/SCZ-associated CNV loci (e.g., 22q11.2, 3q29). Our findings suggest an etiological overlap of ASD and SCZ and provide biological insights into these disorders. : Kushima et al. perform comparative analyses of CNVs in ASD and SCZ in a Japanese population. They identify pathogenic CNVs and biological pathways in each disorder with significant overlap. Patients with pathogenic CNVs have a higher prevalence of intellectual disability. Disease-relevant genes are detected in eight well-known ASD/SCZ-associated CNV loci. Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, copy-number variation, array comparative genomic hybridization, genetic overlap, Japanese population, oxidative stress response, genome integrity, lipid metabolism, gene ontolog