Risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality according to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and age category.

<p>Shown are age-adjusted (A and B) and multivariable-adjusted (C and D) hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for CVD death with categorization according to eGFR in increments of 10 ml/min/1.73 m² for subjects of all ages, non-elderly subjects, or elderly men (A and C) and women (B and D). Each hazard ratio was calculated relative to the subpopulation with eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m². Adjusted factors for CVD death were age, body mass index, urinary protein concentration, blood pressure, use of anti-hypertensive drugs, serum triglyceride concentration, serum high-density lipoprotein concentration, serum total cholesterol concentration, use of lipid-lowering drugs, blood glucose concentration, treatment for diabetes, smoking, and alcohol consumption.</p

Baseline characteristics of the study participants among 1810 Japanese employees in 2005.

<p>Tested by ANOVA for age and work hours per day, and by χ² test for gender, administrative post, marriage and children.</p><p>BJSQ: Brief Job Stress Questionnaire.</p

Distributions of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and non-CVD mortality rates according to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in Japanese men and women.

<p>Distributions of CVD deaths and non-CVD deaths in men (A) and in women (B) were categorized according to eGFR in increments of 10 ml/min/1.73 m².</p

Detailed flow diagram of the study participants.

<p>Detailed flow diagram of the study participants.</p

Risks of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among subjects in CKD G3 category relative to those with eGFR ≥50 ml/min/1.73m².

<p>Risks of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among subjects in CKD G3 category relative to those with eGFR ≥50 ml/min/1.73m².</p

Age-adjusted mean values for patient characteristics at baseline year according to eGFR category.

<p>Age-adjusted mean values for patient characteristics at baseline year according to eGFR category.</p

Sick leave due to depression by scores of stress response of BJSQ.

<p>BJSQ: Brief Job Stress Questionnaire.</p

Including measures of chronic kidney disease to improve cardiovascular risk prediction by SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP

Aims The 2021 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guideline on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention categorizes moderate and severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) as high and very-high CVD risk status regardless of other factors like age and does not include estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria in its algorithms, systemic coronary risk estimation 2 (SCORE2) and systemic coronary risk estimation 2 in older persons (SCORE2-OP), to predict CVD risk. We developed and validated an ‘Add-on’ to incorporate CKD measures into these algorithms, using a validated approach. Methods In 3,054 840 participants from 34 datasets, we developed three Add-ons [eGFR only, eGFR + urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) (the primary Add-on), and eGFR + dipstick proteinuria] for SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP. We validated C-statistics and net reclassification improvement (NRI), accounting for competing risk of non-CVD death, in 5,997 719 participants from 34 different datasets. Results In the target population of SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP without diabetes, the CKD Add-on (eGFR only) and CKD Add-on (eGFR + ACR) improved C-statistic by 0.006 (95%CI 0.004–0.008) and 0.016 (0.010–0.023), respectively, for SCORE2 and 0.012 (0.009–0.015) and 0.024 (0.014–0.035), respectively, for SCORE2-OP. Similar results were seen when we included individuals with diabetes and tested the CKD Add-on (eGFR + dipstick). In 57 485 European participants with CKD, SCORE2 or SCORE2-OP with a CKD Add-on showed a significant NRI [e.g. 0.100 (0.062–0.138) for SCORE2] compared to the qualitative approach in the ESC guideline. Conclusion Our Add-ons with CKD measures improved CVD risk prediction beyond SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP. This approach will help clinicians and patients with CKD refine risk prediction and further personalize preventive therapies for CVD.</p

Association of tobacco smoking with risk of cause-specific death by study populations in Asia.

a<p>Number of deaths among ever-smokers/never-smokers are presented.</p>b<p>HRs estimated for ever-smokers compared with never-smokers and adjusted for age, education, rural/urban residence, marital status, and body mass index; data from participants with <1 y of follow-up are excluded.</p><p>Analyses were conducted among those age 45 y or older.</p>c<p>HR not estimated because of small sample size.</p><p>CHD, coronary heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p

Association of tobacco smoking with risk of death from all causes in selected study populations in Asia.

a<p>Adjusted for age, education, rural/urban resident, marital status, and body mass index; data from participants with <1 y of follow-up are excluded.</p><p>Analyses were conducted among those age 45 y or older.</p>b<p>Including data from mainland China, Taiwan, Singapore, Republic of Korea, and Japan.</p>c<p>Including data from India and Bangladesh.</p