Correlation between plate motion and tomography

The driving force of plate motions is considered to have a correlation with the upper mantle, but the correlation with the lower mantle is not clear. There might be a heat source in the lower mantle or on the top of the outer core, in addition to ridge spreading, or slab pull force that may originate in the upper mantle. In this paper, seismic tomography at all depths, which represents the mantle heterogeneity and structure, and the plate velocities, crustal age and boundary spreading and convergence rate, which represent the plate motion, crustal thickness, and boundary position, respectively, are correlated in order to investigate the mechanism of the driving force of plate tectonics with respect to the mantle structure

Radiative signatures from impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy-9 on Jupiter

The visible optical power emitted from the expansion plumes from 0.4 and 2 km diameter fragments of Shoemaker-Levy are expected to be, ∼25% and comparable to, the visible solar flux reflected from Jupiter, respectively, for several minutes, and could be easily observed by sensors on the Galileo spacecraft. Earth-based observers can detect these plumes as these expand over the SW limb of Jupiter and come into earth view some minutes after impact

Impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter

Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter and the resulting vapor plume expansion were conducted using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method. An icy body with a diameter of 2 km can penetrate to an altitude of -350 km (0 km = 1 bar) and most of the incident kinetic energy is transferred to the atmosphere between -100 km to -250 km. This energy is converted to potential energy of the resulting gas plume. The unconfined plume expands vertically and has a peak radiative power approximately equal to the total radiation from Jupiter's disc. The plume rises a few tens of atmospheric scale heights in ∼10² seconds. The rising plume reaches the altitude of ∼3000 km, but no atmospheric gas is accelerated to the escape velocity (∼60 km/s)

Radiative signals from impact of Shoemaker-Levy on Jupiter

The temperature and internal energy fields calculated by Takata et al. in the plume are used to calculate the greybody thermal radiation emitted versus wavelength to predict what might be observed by several spectral sensors operating from different platforms when fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL-9) impact Jupiter in July 1994. A SPH code was used by Takata et al. to calculate the full three dimensional flow and thermodynamic fields in the comet fragment and the atmosphere of Jupiter. We determined the fragment penetration depth, energy partitioning between the atmosphere and the impactor, and energy density deposited per unit length over the trajectory. Once the impactor had disintegrated and stopped, and the strong atmospheric shock decayed, the flow is driven by buoyancy effects. We then used our SPH code to calculate the flow and thermodynamic fields: pressure, article velocity, temperature, and internal energy distributions in the plume. The calculations for 2 and 10 km cometary fragments yield maximum deposition depths of approximately 175 and 525 km, respectively (1 bar = 0 km depth). We also calculated that 0.7 and 0.6 of the initial kinetic energy of the 10 and 2 km bolides, respectively, are deposited as internal energy in Jupiter's atmosphere

Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9: Fragment and progenitor impact energy

Initial observational data from the impact of fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9) are compared with smoothed particle hydrodynamic (SPH) calculations to determine their pre-impact diameters and the equivalent diameter of the SL9 progenitor. Diameters (solid ice) of 2.0±0.1, 2.0±0.05, 2.1±0.04 and 1.9±0.05 km for fragments A, E, G1, and W are obtained from impact-induced plume heights from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data. Applying these values to scale apparent diameters for the balance of 18 SL fragments in Weaver et al.'s [1995] catalog of 22 objects yields a SL9 progenitor diameter of 5.0±1.8 km. This corresponds to total impact energy of 1.2 (+1.8−0.8) × 10^(30) erg. Such an energetic event occurs on Jupiter and Earth at least every 4,900 +4,700, −2,700, and ∼0.5 × 10^8 years, respectively

The health and daily-life problem of the aged at homes for three months after discharge from the hospital

今後の継続看護・在宅看護を考えてゆく際の参考にするために、医療施設から自宅へ退院した高齢患者が3カ月経過後に、どのような健康上や日常生活上の問題点をもち、家庭や地域でどのような援助や支援を受けて生活しているかについて報告をする。総合病院に入院していた70歳以上の高齢者で自宅に退院する患者92名のうち、退院後3カ月経過後の時点で回答を得た70名（76.0％）について分析を行った。病状については約8割の者は特に問題を持っていない、しかし約2割の者は病状に悪化が見られた。現在困っていることは「健康上の問題」とした者は約3割であった。日常生活の自立状況では「仕事もできる」とする者が退院時の18.6％より、3カ月後は40.0％に増加しており、「生きがいがかなりある」とする者は退院時の34.3％より、3カ月後は45.7％に増加していた。しかし、回答が得られなかった22名（24.0％）の高齢者は、より重要な問題を包含している可能性があり、追跡をする必要がある。We report that for the guidance to consider future continuing-nursing and home-nursing, the elderly patient who living in homes for three months after discharged from the hospital, have what problems in their health and daily lives and what sort of supports they are receiving in their homes and from the vicinities. Analysis was done on the health and daily-life problems of 70 elderly who responded to a survey which was mailed, three months after discharged from the hospital, among 92 elderly more than 70 years old. 80% of them had no problems in their conditions, but in 20% conditions got worse. About 30% of them complained of the problem of health with respect to independence of daily life. Patients who were able to work increased from 18.6% to 40.0%, and the ptients who felt worth living increased from 34.3% to 45.7%. 22 elderly who hadn't answer seemed to have more severe problems however, further surveys are needed

Nursing students' perception of their acquired basic skills in nursing practices : a comparison between a new and an old curriculum

平成2年度改正の新カリキュラムで学んだ学生と旧カリキュラムで学んで学生間に、卒業時の基礎看護技術の到達度に違いがあるかを明らかにするために、看護技術の基本的要素、日常生活の援助技術、診療時の援助技術の49項目の到達度について、3年制課程の3年生に質問紙調査を行った。対象者全体では、到達度の上位10位以内に日常生活の援助技術項目の37％が含まれ、到達度の下位10位以内に診療時の援助技術項目の37％が含まれていた。新カリキュラム群と旧カリキュラム群の比較では、21項目に有意差があった。新カリキュラム群の高い15項目は日常生活の援助技術と看護技術の基本的要素に関するものが多く、旧カリキュラム群が高い6項目は診療時の援助技術が多かった。カリキュラム改正に関係なく、日常生活の援助技術の到達度は高く診療時の援助技術は低い傾向にあったが、カリキュラム改正後はその傾向が強まり、さらに看護技術の基本的要素の到達度はカリキュラム改正後に比較的高くなっていることが明らかになった。新カリキュラムでは臨地実習時間を削減しているが、基礎教育で重視する日常生活の援助技術と看護技術の基本的要素は習得できていると考えられる。A revision was made in a nursing curriculum in 1990. This study examined nursing students' perceived level of acquired 49 basic skills in nursing practices consisting of 11 basal elements of nursing skill, 19 skills in helping patients' daily activities, and 19 skills required in medical situations, comparing students receiving a new curriculum with those receiving an old one. Findings showed that in the rank ordering of all items from the best acquired to the least, collapsed across the two groups of students, 37% of the upper 10 items cocerned the skills in helping patients' daily activities, while 37% of the bottom 10 items concerned the skills required in medical situation. The students receiving the new curriculum perceived themselves better than those reseiving the old one for 15 items that were related with the basal elements of nursing skill and the skills in helping patients' daily activities, while the 6 items in the skills required in medical situations were perceived to be better acquired for the latter than the former students. The finding suggest that the new curriculum produced students who perceive themselves to be better achievers in the basic skills in nursing practices

The research on the problems of health care and living of the aged (Pursuing the cases of home treatment given to the elderly patients for one year after their discharge)

退院後の生活に目を向けた適切な退院指導がなされることは、高齢患者が安心して在宅療養を送る上で、重要な意味を持つ。そこで病院から在宅療養に移行した70歳以上の高齢者の抱える問題を4回に渡って1年間調査し、これまでに退院時、3ヵ月後、6ヵ月後の調査結果を報告した。本稿では1年を通じて回答のあった53名について健康と生活上の問題の変化を分析し、考察した。在宅療養に移行した高齢者の健康状態と生活上の問題は、ほぼ一致して退院後6ヵ月から1年後までに変化を認め、特に日常生活上の問題は著しく増加した。その原因として病状の悪化との関連が考えられた。また、高齢者の問題についての意識は、研究者の専門的な問題意識に比べて低かった。従って入院中に退院後の生活を予測することには限界があり、今後は退院指導の充実と伴に在宅サービスとの連携が重要であることを認めた。We planned to make emerge the problems felt by the elderly patients of 70 years and over given home treatment. As a means of our research, four times a year we sent a questinnaire to the aged who had been discharged. After collecting the answers of the questionnaires, we decided to focus on the 53 elderly patients who answered all four questionnaires, and then tried to make their problems emerge. The contents of the questionnaires were about their health care in a year and how their daily life changed. We can see that the condition of the elderly patients under home treatment and their living problems have changed almost without exceptions six months to a year after their discharge. Especially the number of the problems in their daily life increased remarkably. These results might be considered to be caused by the aggravation of their diseases. In addition, the elderly patients are not as conscious of their own problems as a specialist with a critical mind. Therefore, there is a limit to estimating the change in lifestyle of a discharged patient while they remain hospitalized. We consider it essential to get full discharge-care closely connected with home service for elderly patients

Dietary treatment for the aged (A study on dietary treatments for the aged conducted at the time of leaving hospital and on the results of interviews with discharged patients)

高齢者を対象とした退院指導の評価を行う目的で、70歳以上の外来通院患者を対象として、患者が受けた退院指導の内容、理解度、実践状況の3つの要素について分析を行った。その中から、特に食事指導に焦点をあて在宅療養の視点から退院指導の問題点を考察した。食事指導を受けて退院した患者の約半数は更に指導を希望していた。指示された指導が実践できない患者の理由は、(1)指導不足、(2)意欲の喚起不足、(3)協力者の知識不足が上げられた。患者が希望している指導の内容は、食事療法の指導だけでなく、治療食や老人に適した食事についてであった。特に、栄養価の高い食事への関心が高く、具体的な指導を希望していた。また、看護婦による、社会資源を活用すべきかどうか、訪問看護を適応すべきかどうかの判断が、退院に向けてのアセスメントの内容として問題となった。With the purpose of estimating the quality of care given to elderly patients who are about be discharged, we made an analysis of three main factors. The first is the details of discharge-care, secondly the degree to which the patient underdtands the type of care, and thirdly the care practice situation ; focusing on outpatients who are more than 70 years of age. Bringing meal treatment into focus, we examined the problems of discharge-care from the viewpoint of home treatment. About half of the discharged patients who were given meal treatment in the hospital hope to have further personal medical direction about their meals after being discharged. The reasons why the directed treatments couldn't be practiced by the patients were given as follows ; (a) deficiency of medical guidance, (b) insufficient encouragement of practice, (c) cooperator's having lack of knowledge about care of the aged. The details of medical treatments which the elderly patients want to be given are not only what is called meal treatment but also knowledge about food for patients and about appropriate meals for the aged. The patients seem to be highly interested in nutritious food and hope to have concrete advice for following a nutritious diet. Additionally, what is important in deciding the question of discharging is how to make good use of social resources by nurses and how to apply visiting nursing to be aged

An Experiment of the discovery study system in basic nursing technique in intramural practice -Help of eating and excreting-

The content of nursing education and the effective ways of studying nursing have been investigated by teachers of nursing. Therefore, in the lesson of "Basic Nursing Technique" did we examine the educational way in which the students' will to study nursing can be heightened and the students are able to work independently and creatively. we focused on the educational way which adopted the discovery study system in the lessons of "Help of Eating" and "Help of Excreting". From the viewpoint of the students' intention to study and their work, the effect of this educational way was researched according to their self-appreciation. As a result, the following four points were made clear by the introduction of the discovery study system. (1) The students could cooperate more easily in studying nursing. (2) The students' interest in nursing was heightened more than before. (3) The students could enhance their will to study nursing and work independently. (4) The items of "Sense of Purpose" and "Ingenuity" were less evaluaoed than the other items