Micronúcleos y otras anormalidades nucleares en células de mucosa bucal como biomarcadores de genotoxicidad y citotoxicidad en personal expuesto a gases anestésicos

Associated damage to health during occupational exposition is a controvert issue. It has been reported either reproductive toxicity, affections to organs, cancer and genotoxicity. Objective: To evaluate micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities frequencies at epithelial mouth cells from people exposed to anesthetic gasses as genotoxicity and cytotoxicity markers. Methodology: We gathered a total of 164 epithelial mouth samples from 81 anesthesiologists from different Mexican Health clinics across, 43 health people not exposed and with no addictions and 40 patients receiving antineoplastic drugs. The survey included questions related with habits, work location and schedules and general data that could be related with results. Epithelial cell smears were obtained with gentle scraping, dried and fixed with 80% ethylic alcohol and stained with orcein and fast green. We analyzed 2,000 cells from each sample under microscope (100x) and counted for Micronucleated cells (CMN) and Nuclear abnormalities (AN) [Binucleated (CBN), Lobulated nucleus (NL), Karyorrhexis (CR), condensed chromatin (CC), Pyknosis (PN) and Karyolysis (CL)]. Results: Counts from anesthesiologists MN were statistically higher than not exposed [2.8(1.9)/ 0.7(0.7)/ 1,000 cells, (p: <0.001)]. No matter of exposition time, age or sex, 86% of the anesthesiologists presented micronucleus genotoxicity and the complement presented cytotoxicity. Conclusions: Occupational exposition to anesthetic gases at Mexican health clinics system induces genotoxic and cytotoxic damage been evident by the MN and AN count at mouth epithelial cells. We highly recommend increasing security measures.El daño a la salud asociado a exposición ocupacional de anestésicos es controversial, se ha encontrado toxicidad reproductiva, afección de órganos, cáncer y genotoxicidad. Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia de micronúcleos y otras anormalidades nucleares en células de mucosa bucal de personal expuesto a gases, como marcadores de genotoxicidad y citotoxicidad. Métodología: Se colectaron 164 muestras de mucosa bucal de 81 anestesiólogos que laboraban en diferentes hospitales en México, 43 personas sanas no expuestas y sin toxicomanías, y 40 pacientes tratados con antineoplásicos. Se preguntó hábitos, lugar y horas de trabajo, sistemas de eliminación de gases del centro de trabajo y datos que podrían influir en los resultados. Se realizaron frotis de mucosa bucal mediante un raspado suave, se dejaron secar, se fijaron con etanol al 80% y se tiñeron con orceína y verde rápido. Al microscopio (100X), por muestra se analizaron 2,000 células, se identificaron células micronucleadas (CMN) y anormaliades nucleares (AN) [binucleadas (CBN), núcleo lobulado (NL), cariorrexis (CR), cromatina condensada (CC), picnosis (PN) y cariólisis (CL)]. Resultados: La frecuencia de CMN es mayor en anestesiólogos que en no expuestos, [2.8 (1.9)/ 0.7(0.7)/ 1,000 células, (p: <0.001)]. Independiente de tiempo de exposición, lugar de trabajo, edad o sexo, en el 86.4% de anestesiólogos se observó micronucleogenicidad y en el resto citotoxicidad. Conclusiones: La exposición ocupacional a gases anestésicos en el ambiente hospitalario mexicano induce daño genotóxico y citotóxico evidenciado por presencia de MN y AN en células exfoliadas de mucosa bucal, por ello se sugiere reforzar las medidas de seguridad

Especies de peces con potencial como bioindicadoras de genotoxicidad en el lago La Alberca, Michoacán, México

The presence of spontaneous micronuclei in peripheral blood erythrocytes from 10 fish species in Lake La Alberca, Michoacan (Mexico), was evaluated as a possible biological indicator of genotoxic agents. The peripheral blood samples from each of 56 fishes were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy (100X) to determine frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes (EMN) in 10,000 cells, and polychromatic erythrocytes in 1,000 cells (EPC). The cytoplasm-nucleus ratio in erythrocytes (RC/N) also was calculated. The sampled species and their results were: Xenotoca melanosoma (3.7±1.6 EMN, 29.5±15 EPC, 1.7:1 RC/N), Oreochromis aureus (2.0±1.0 EMN, 21.0±14 EPC, 2.6:1 RC/N), Chirostoma consocium (1.5±0.7 EMN, 19.8±14 EPC, 1.4:1 RC/N), Chirostoma lucius (1.2±1.3 EMN, 34.2±19 EPC, 1.8:1 RC/N), Lepomis macrochirus (1.2±1.6 EMN, 10.3±19 EPC, 2.2:1 RC/N), Alloophorus robustus (1.0±1.5 EMN, 31.1±23 EPC, 1.9:1 RC/N), Zoogoneticus quitzeoensis (0.8±1.2 EMN, 23.8±6.3 EPC, 1.6:1 RC/N), Chapalichthys encaustus (0.7±1.0 EMN, 44.6±28 EPC, 1.9:1 RC/N), Poeciliopsis infans (0.7±0.8 EMN, 12.4±4.4 EPC, 1.8:1 RC/N) and Goodea atripinnis (0.6±1.1 EMN, 11.7±5.7 EPC, 1.7:1 RC/N). The frequency of spontaneous EMN found in Xenotoca melanosoma and Oreochromis aureus suggests that these species can be considered as potential biological indicators of genotoxic agents.Se evaluó la presencia espontánea de micronúcleos en sangre periférica de 10 especies de peces que habitan el lago La Alberca, Michoacán (México), para proponerlas como posibles bioindicadoras de agentes genotóxicos. Se colectaron muestras de sangre periférica de 56 organismos de 10 especies diferentes las cuales se analizaron con microscopía de fluorescencia (100X) para registrar: la cantidad de eritrocitos micronucleados (EMN) espontáneos en 10,000 eritrocitos, la proporción de eritrocitos policromáticos (EPC) en 1,000 eritrocitos y la relación citoplasmanúcleo (RC/N) de los eritrocitos. Las especies muestreadas fueron: Xenotoca melanosoma (3.7±1.6 EMN, 29.5±15 EPC, 1.7:1 RC/N), Oreochromis aureus (2.0±1.0 EMN, 21.0±14 EPC, 2.6:1 RC/N), Chirostoma consocium (1.5±0.7 EMN, 19.8±14 EPC, 1.4:1 RC/N), Chirostoma lucius (1.2±1.3 EMN, 34.2±19 EPC, 1.8:1 RC/N), Lepomis macrochirus (1.2±1.6 EMN, 10.3±19 EPC, 2.2:1 RC/N), Alloophorus robustus (1.0±1.5 EMN, 31.1±23 EPC, 1.9:1 RC/N), Zoogoneticus quitzeoensis (0.8±1.2 EMN, 23.8±6.3 EPC, 1.6:1 RC/N), Chapalichthys encaustus (0.7±1.0 EMN, 44.6±28 EPC, 1.9:1 RC/N), Poeciliopsis infans (0.7±0.8 EMN, 12.4±4.4 EPC, 1.8:1 RC/N) y Goodea atripinnis (0.6±1.1 EMN, 11.7±5.7 EPC, 1.7:1 RC/N). Por el número de EMN espontáneos y la RC/N que se encontró en Xenotoca melanosoma y Oreochromis aureus se sugiere que estas especies son potenciales indicadoras biológicas de agentes genotóxicos

Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species

Genomic instability is a condition that may be associated with carcinogenesis and/or physiological disorders when genetic lesions are not repaired. Besides, wild, captive, and domesticated vertebrates are exposed to xenobiotics, leading to health disorders due to cytogenotoxicity. This chapter provides an overview of tests to assess cytogenotoxicity based on micronuclei (MNi) formation. Bone marrow micronuclei test (BmMNt), peripheral blood erythrocyte micronuclei test (PBMNt), and lymphocyte cytokinesis blocking micronuclei assay (CBMN) are discussed. The most illustrative studies of these techniques applied in different vertebrates of veterinary interest are described. The values of spontaneous basal micronuclei in captive, experimental, and farm animals (rodents, hamsters, pigs, goats, cattle, horses, fish) are summarized. In addition, a flow cytometry technique is presented to reduce the time taken to record MNi and other cellular abnormalities. Flow cytometry is helpful to analyze some indicators of genomic instability, such as cell death processes and stages (necrosis, apoptosis) and to efficiently evaluate some biomarkers of genotoxicity like MNi in BmMNt, PBMNt, and CBMN. The intention is to provide veterinary professionals with techniques to assess and interpret cytogenotoxicity biomarkers to anticipate therapeutic management in animals at risk of carcinogenesis or other degenerative diseases

Anabolic androgenic steroids induce micronuclei in buccal mucosa cells of bodybuilders

Objective: To evaluate genotoxicity of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) in male bodybuilders by a micronucleus assay in buccal mucosa cells. Methods: 11 male bodybuilders volunteered to participate in this study and two groups were formed: group 1 (n = 6), without AAS consumption and group 2 (n = 5), with AAS consumption. A sample of buccal epithelium was taken from each participant once a week for 6 weeks. Samples were fixed, stained and analysed by a light microscope, and 2000 cells were counted from each slide. Results are expressed as micronucleated cells (MNC) per 1000 cells and were analysed by the Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon's test. Results: A marked increased in MNC was seen in bodybuilders with AAS consumption compared with those without AAS consumption (mean (SD) 4.1 (2.4) MNC/1000 cells vs 0.4 (0.4) MNC/1000 cells, respectively; p<0.004). Intragroup comparisons showed no differences in the MNC frequencies during the sampling time in group 1, whereas the MNC frequency in group 2 varied significantly, reaching the highest MNC frequencies in the third and fourth week of sampling (5.9 (2.4) MNC/1000 cells; 5.8 (1.8) MNC/1000 cells, respectively); frequency in the first sampled week was 1.1 (0.1) MNC/1000 cells. Significant differences in all sampled weeks were found between the two groups. Conclusion: AAS consumption increased the frequency of MNC from buccal mucosa in bodybuilders