Mass transfer vectors for nitric oxide removal through biological treatments

The reduction of nitric oxide (NO) emissions to atmosphere has been recently addressed using biological technologies. However, NO removal through bioprocesses is quite challenging due to the low solubility of NO in water. Therefore, the abatement of NO emissions might be improved by adding a chelating agent or a mass transfer vector (MTV) to increase the solubility of this pollutant into the aqueous phase where the bioprocess takes place. This research seeks to assess the performance of different non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPs): n-hexadecane (HEX), diethyl sebacate (DSE), 1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptamethyl-trisiloxane (HTX), 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (HNO), and high temperature silicone oil (SO) in chemical absorption–biological reduction (CABR) integrated systems. The results showed that HNO and HTX had the maximum gas-liquid mass transfer capacity, being 0.32 mol NO/kmol NAP and 0.29 mol NO/kmol NAP, respectively. When an aqueous phase was added to the system, the mass transfer gas–liquid of NO was increased, with HTX reaching a removal efficiency of 82 ± 3% NO with water, and 88 ± 6% with a phosphate buffer solution. All NAPs were tested for short-term toxicity assessment and resulted neither toxic nor inhibitory for the biological activity (denitrification). DSE was found to be biodegradable, which could limit its applicability in biological processes for gas treatment. Finally, in the CABR system tests, it was shown that NO elimination improved in a short time (30 min) when the three mass transfer vectors (HEX, HTX, HNO) were added to enriched denitrifying bacteria.Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. David Cubides is a fellow of Eurecat’s “Vicente López” PhD grant program. This work was financially supported by the Catalan Government through the funding grant ACCIÓ-Eurecat (Project PRIV2020/21-AIRECAT). The authors acknowledge the Spanish Government, through the project RTI2018-099362-B-C21 MINECO/FEDER, EU, for the financial support provided to perform this research.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

A Pilot Study for Metabolic Profiling of Obesity-Associated Microbial Gut Dysbiosis in Male Wistar Rats

Obesity is one of the most incident and concerning disease worldwide. Definite strategies to prevent obesity and related complications remain elusive. Among the risk factors of the onset of obesity, gut microbiota might play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease, and it has received extensive attention because it affects the host metabolism. In this study, we aimed to define a metabolic profile of the segregated obesity-associated gut dysbiosis risk factor. The study of the metabolome, in an obesity-associated gut dysbiosis model, provides a relevant way for the discrimination on the different biomarkers in the obesity onset. Thus, we developed a model of this obesity risk factors through the transference of gut microbiota from obese to non-obese male Wistar rats and performed a subsequent metabolic analysis in the receptor rats. Our results showed alterations in the lipid metabolism in plasma and in the phenylalanine metabolism in urine. In consequence, we have identified metabolic changes characterized by: (1) an increase in DG:34:2 in plasma, a decrease in hippurate, (2) an increase in 3-HPPA, and (3) an increase in o-coumaric acid. Hereby, we propose these metabolites as a metabolic profile associated to a segregated dysbiosis state related to obesity disease

A mixture of four dietary fibres ameliorates adiposity and improves metabolic profile and intestinal health in cafeteria-fed obese rats: an integrative multi-omics approach

Aims: Atherosclerosis is the main pathological process contributing to cardiovascular disease, with diet being the most important factor involved. Although the lipidome of atheromatous plaque has been studied previously, the use of comparative lipidomics and metabolomics in plasma in early atherogenesis could lead to the discovery of plasma biomarkers that allow not only disease prediction but also measurement of disease progression. Methods and results: High-throughput techniques, such as liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, allowed us to compare the circulating and aortic lipidome and plasma metabolome in order to look for new molecular targets involved in atherogenesis. To achieve this objective, we chose the hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) as the best small animal model for diet-induced early atherosclerosis, because its lipoprotein metabolism is similar to that of humans. The results revealed the existence of several, previously unreported, changes in lipid and amino-acid metabolism, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ pathway, and oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, also involving cell senescence. Furthermore, as a proof of concept in the modelling of dietary influences in atherogenesis, we have measured the effect of a potential anti-atherogenic polyphenol extract on the reported pathways. Our results support a previously unknown role for taurocholic acid as a potential plasma biomarker of early atheromatous plaque formation. Conclusion: The use of comparative liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based lipidomics and metabolomics allows the discovery of novel pathways in atherogenesis, as well as new potential plasma biomarkers, which could allow us to predict disease in its early stages and measure its progression

Co-Authoring Values

This is a conversation between members of the Feminist Duration Reading Group, which has met in London, UK, since March 2015 to explore under-known feminisms from outside the mainstream Anglo- American feminist canon. Starting with and often returning to an emphasis on Italian feminisms, monthly meetings have encompassed various other regional and national feminisms, as well as radical aesthetic and political positions that aim to challenge the conservative appropriation and dilution of feminism under late capitalism. The discussion considers the tactics that the group has adopted, including of reading aloud together; of juxtaposing historical with current feminist texts and urgencies; and of highlighting feminisms outside the mainstream canon. It touches on questions including the rise of reading and research groups outside academia, and embodied citation as a feminist practice, and on the co-creation of feminist values that groups like this can allow. Each of the authors has participated in the Feminist Duration Reading Group, by leading or hosting a meeting and/or attending regularly

The Catalan Surveillance Network of SARS-CoV-2 in Sewage: design, implementation, and performance

Wastewater-based epidemiology has shown to be an efficient tool to track the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in communities assisted by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The challenge comes when this approach is employed to help Health authorities in their decision-making. Here, we describe the roadmap for the design and deployment of SARSAIGUA, the Catalan Surveillance Network of SARS-CoV-2 in Sewage. The network monitors, weekly or biweekly, 56 WWTPs evenly distributed across the territory and serving 6 M inhabitants (80% of the Catalan population). Each week, samples from 45 WWTPs are collected, analyzed, results reported to Health authorities, and finally published within less than 72 h in an online dashboard ( https://sarsaigua.icra.cat ). After 20 months of monitoring (July 20-March 22), the standardized viral load (gene copies/day) in all the WWTPs monitored fairly matched the cumulative number of COVID-19 cases along the successive pandemic waves, showing a good fit with the diagnosed cases in the served municipalities (Spearman Rho = 0.69). Here we describe the roadmap of the design and deployment of SARSAIGUA while providing several open-access tools for the management and visualization of the surveillance data.The authors wish to thank the staff from all the WWTPs monitored for their help and technical support during the sampling campaigns. The authors acknowledge the funding received from the ACA and the ASPCAT from the Catalan Government (Generalitat de Catalunya). ICRA authors acknowledge the funding provided by the Generalitat de Catalunya through the Consolidated Research Group grants ICRA-ENV 2017 SGR 1124 and ICRA-TiA 2017 SGR 1318. ICRA researchers also thank the funding from the CERCA program of the Catalan Government.Peer reviewe

Anàlisi de l'ADN mitocondrial en el trastorn mental greu

Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder are mental illnesses with unknown ethology. However, genetic epidemiological studies have identified a major genetic contribution that interacts with environmental factors. Several genetic studies support this genetic contribution but large nuclear genome-wide association studies have thus far not yielded a clear disease-associated genetic marker for any psychiatric disorder. Most genetic studies are based on the nuclear genome but almost all cells contain another genome: the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) which plays an essential role in energy production and cell maintenance. The present work analyses the implication of mtDNA in three major mental disorders: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. The paper Torrell H, et al, Am J Med Genet 2013 analyzed the mtDNA expression, content and presence of the common deletion in a myelinated region of the brain in schizophrenia (SCH), bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) patients because the mtDNA is vital to the proper function of the respiratory chain. The method used for obtaining these results was reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) due to its high specificity, large dynamic range, and high accuracy. However, a lack of consensus exists on how best to perform and interpret RT-qPCR data and for that reason we first identified and evaluated suitable reference genes and variables related to clinical, demographic, and specimen characteristics of each sample that could affect the interpretation of RT-qPCR data. We identified five potential reference genes and the RNA quality index as highly correlated with gene expression and these results were published in a previous paper Abasolo N, Torrell H, et al,No es coneix encara què causa l’esquizofrènia, el trastorn bipolar, la depressió major i altres trastorns mentals greus però els factors genètics hi tenen un paper rellevant. La majoria d’estudis genètics han buscat mutacions o variants de risc associades a la malaltia en el genoma nuclear, però gairebé totes les cèl•lules humanes contenen un altre genoma en els mitocondris. Aquest altre genoma és l’ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt), de cabdal importància per a la generació d’energia de totes les cèl•lules. El present treball de tesi analitza la implicació de l’ADNmt en tres trastorns mentals greus: esquizofrènia, trastorn bipolar i depressió major. El treball Torrell H, et al, Am J Med Genet 2013 presenta els resultats de l’anàlisi de l’ADNmt en teixit cerebral post mortem d’individus amb diagnòstic d’esquizofrènia, trastorn bipolar o depressió major en comparació amb individus control, convertint-se en el segon estudi que analitza l’expressió dels transcrits mitocondrials, el número de còpies de l’ADNmt i la presència de delecions en aquest en teixit cerebral. Aquest anàlisi es basa en la tècnica de la PCR quantitativa (qPCR de l’anglès quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction), una tècnica molt robusta però que tanmateix requereix el seguiment de criteris i passos metodològics per assolir resultats fiables. Per aquest motiu, previ a l’anàlisi de l’ADNmt en teixit cerebral aquestes mostres, vam realitzar un estudi per identificar els gens de referència més idonis per a normalitzar els nivells d’expressió dels transcrits mitocondrials; i també per conèixer quines característiques dels bioespècimens podien interferir en l’anàlisi d’expressió. Vam identificar cinc gens de referència òptims per a aquestes mostres de teixit de còrtex occipital; i que la qualitat de l’ARN emprat era

Drawing for Our Lives

With its potential for intimacy and vulnerability, and links to process, gesture, and the body, drawing has been central to feminist art. In this session inspired by Drawing Room’s intergenerational feminist exhibition ‘The Time of Our Lives’ we read from key feminist critical and curatorial texts on drawing, alongside the words of artists. Texts foregrounded how artists have used drawing to document and witness, as well as to resist and potentially heal from, painful experiences and historic legacies. They prompted discussion about drawing’s potential to generate “radically inclusive aesthetics” that stimulate “a global feminist politics of solidarity across differences” (Karen Kurczynski, 2023). Together we read: Part I: Critical & Curatorial Perspectives • Catherine de Zegher, ‘A Century Under the Sign of Line: Drawing and Its Extension (1910-2010),’ in On Line: Drawing Through the Twentieth Century by Cornelia H Butler and Catherine de Zegher, 2010. • Karen Kurczynski: ‘Drawing in the 1990s: historical revisions and phantom visions’, 2023. • Marsha Meskimmon and Phil Sawdon, ‘Approaching: drawing near,’ in Drawing Difference: Connections between Gender and Drawing, London: IB Tauris, 2016. • Jacqui McIntosh, ‘Thinking with the mark: drawing as feminist tool,’ in The Time of Our Lives: Drawing and Feminism, Drawing Room, 2024. Part II: Artists’ Reflections ‘The Time of Our Lives’ artists • Sonia Boyce, Art Monthly : Article : Me, Myself and Others – Sonia Boyce interviewed by Isobel Harbison, April 2018; Courtney J. Martin, ‘Interview: Sonia Boyce’, in Courtney J. Martin and Emma Ridgway, Sonia Boyce, Feeling Her Way (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2022), pp16-17 • Claudette Johnson, interview with Marta Gnyp, December 2022 • Jade de Montserrat, Why I Draw, Phaidon, 2021; Janyce Denise Glasper Interviews Jade de Montserrat, Decorating Dissidence, April 2023 • Soheila Sokhanvari, Unpublished Interview with Jacqui McDonald, 2023 Additional artists • Tania Kovats, Why I Draw, Phaidon, Agenda, 2024 • Phoebe Boswell, Artist Statement Part III: In Conclusion • Catherine de Zegher, “Drawing as Binding/Bandage/Bondage,’ Eva Hesse Drawing, in An Anthology: Women’s Work is Never Done (Gent, AsaMER, 2014), p.333-33

Increased blood lactate levels during exercise and mitochondrial DNA alterations converge on mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia

Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction and an elevation of lactate are observed in patients with schizophrenia (SZ). However, it is unknown whether mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with the presence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations and comorbid clinical conditions. We aimed to identify systemic mitochondrial abnormalities in blood samples of patients with SZ that may have a high impact on the brain due to its high bioenergetic requirements. Methods: Case/control study between 57 patients with SZ and 33 healthy controls (HCs). We measured lactate levels at baseline, during 15 min of exercise (at 5, 10 and 15 min) and at rest. We also evaluated the presence of clinical conditions associated with mitochondrial disorders (CAMDs), measured the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR, a subclinical inflammatory marker), and analyzed mtDNA variation and copy number. Results: Linear models adjusting for covariates showed that patients with SZ exhibited higher elevation of lactate than HCs during exercise but not at baseline or at rest. In accordance, patients showed higher number of CAMDs and lower mtDNA copy number. Interestingly, CAMDs correlated with both lactate levels and mtDNA copy number, which in turn correlated with the NLR. Finally, we identified 13 putative pathogenic variants in the mtDNA of 11 participants with SZ not present in HCs, together with a lactate elevation during exercise that was significantly higher in these 11 carriers than in the noncarriers. Conclusions: These results are consistent with systemic mitochondrial malfunctioning in SZ and pinpoint lactate metabolism and mtDNA as targets for potential therapeutic treatments.This work was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation in Spain (grant numbers PS09/01052, PI12/01885, PI18/00514 and FEDER to L.M.). HT was the recipient of an FI-DGR, and GM was the recipient of a BP-DGR scholarship; both are from the Generalitat de Catalunya

Effects from diet-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and obesity can be ameliorated by fecal microbiota transplantation: A multiomics approach.

Obesity and its comorbidities are currently considered an epidemic, and the involved pathophysiology is well studied. Hypercaloric diets are tightly related to the obesity etiology and also cause alterations in gut microbiota functionality. Diet and antibiotics are known to play crucial roles in changes in the microbiota ecosystem and the disruption of its balance; therefore, the manipulation of gut microbiota may represent an accurate strategy to understand its relationship with obesity caused by diet. Fecal microbiota transplantation, during which fecal microbiota from a healthy donor is transplanted to an obese subject, has aroused interest as an effective approach for the treatment of obesity. To determine its success, a multiomics approach was used that combined metagenomics and metaproteomics to study microbiota composition and function. To do this, a study was performed in rats that evaluated the effect of a hypercaloric diet on the gut microbiota, and this was combined with antibiotic treatment to deplete the microbiota before fecal microbiota transplantation to verify its effects on gut microbiota-host homeostasis. Our results showed that a high-fat diet induces changes in microbiota biodiversity and alters its function in the host. Moreover, we found that antibiotics depleted the microbiota enough to reduce its bacterial content. Finally, we assessed the use of fecal microbiota transplantation as a complementary obesity therapy, and we found that it reversed the effects of antibiotics and reestablished the microbiota balance, which restored normal functioning and alleviated microbiota disruption. This new approach could be implemented to support the dietary and healthy habits recommended as a first option to maintain the homeostasis of the microbiota

Gut Microbiome and Small RNA Integrative-Omic Perspective of Meconium and Milk-FED Infant Stool Samples

The human gut microbiome plays an important role in health, and its initial development is conditioned by many factors, such as feeding. It has also been claimed that this colonization is guided by bacterial populations, the dynamic virome, and transkingdom interactions between host and microbial cells, partially mediated by epigenetic signaling. In this article, we characterized the bacteriome, virome, and smallRNome and their interaction in the meconium and stool samples from infants. Bacterial and viral DNA and RNA were extracted from the meconium and stool samples of 2- to 4-month-old milk-fed infants. The bacteriome, DNA and RNA virome, and smallRNome were assessed using 16S rRNA V4 sequencing, viral enrichment sequencing, and small RNA sequencing protocols, respectively. Data pathway analysis and integration were performed using the R package mixOmics. Our findings showed that the bacteriome differed among the three groups, while the virome and smallRNome presented significant differences, mainly between the meconium and stool of milk-fed infants. The gut environment is rapidly acquired after birth, and it is highly adaptable due to the interaction of environmental factors. Additionally, transkingdom interactions between viruses and bacteria can influence host and smallRNome profiles. However, virome characterization has several protocol limitations that must be considered