Unge investorer og finfluensere: En studie av unge investorer sitt forhold til finfluensere

I løpet av de to siste årene (2020-2021) har det vært en stor økning av unge voksne som har begynt å investere. I samme periode har det oppstått en ny form for finansiell rådgiving fra såkalte finfluensere. Hensikten med denne oppgaven er å utforske det nye fenomenet og hvilket forhold unge investorer i alderen 18-29 år har til dette. Denne oppgaven vil undersøke i hvor stor grad unge investorer følger investeringsanbefalinger fra finfluensere i forhold til profesjonelle finanseksperter. I tillegg utfører vi et surveyeksperiment som vil teste om økonomisk utdanning og antall følgere har en effekt på troverdigheten til en finfluenser. Videre vil vi undersøke hvilke faktorer hos unge investorer som har betydning om de følger investeringsanbefalinger fra finfluensere. Vi baserer oss på atferdsfinans og kildetroverdighetsteori for å besvare disse spørsmålene. I analysen vår finner vi at unge investorer følger investeringsanbefalinger fra profesjonelle finanseksperter i større grad enn finfluensere. Dette kan tyde på at profesjonelle finanseksperter fremstilles som mer troverdige kilder enn finfluensere. Fra surveyeksperimentet ser vi at utdanning har en signifikant effekt, og finfluensere med formell økonomisk utdanning har en signifikant høyere grad av troverdighet enn finfluensere uten slik utdanning. Dette kan forklares med at en finfluenser med økonomisk utdanning anses som mer troverdig. Derimot fant vi ikke signifikante funn på antall følgere og grad av troverdighet. I tillegg undersøker vi hvilke faktorer som kjennetegner en ung investor som følger investeringsanbefalinger fra finfluensere. Vi finner kjønn har betydning, og kvinner følger investeringsanbefalinger fra finfluensere mer enn menn. Dette kan være fordi menn er mer overkonfidente og kvinner kan i større grad være påvirket av “herding bias”. Vi kan ikke bekrefte om unge investorer med mindre investeringserfaring vil følge finfluensere i større grad enn de med mer investeringserfaring. Ytterligere finner vi et signifikant funn som tyder på at unge investorer med høy grad finansiell kunnskap i mindre grad vil følge investeringsanbefalinger fra finfluensere. Det kan skyldes at de med lav finansiell kunnskap lettere blir påvirket av biaser.nhhma

Analysis of host-pathogen gene association networks reveals patient-specific response to streptococcal and polymicrobial necrotising soft tissue infections

Background: Necrotising soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are rapidly progressing bacterial infections usually caused by either several pathogens in unison (polymicrobial infections) or Streptococcus pyogenes (mono-microbial infection). These infections are rare and are associated with high mortality rates. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms in this heterogeneous group remain elusive. Methods: In this study, we built interactomes at both the population and individual levels consisting of host-pathogen interactions inferred from dual RNA-Seq gene transcriptomic profiles of the biopsies from NSTI patients. Results: NSTI type-specific responses in the host were uncovered. The S. pyogenes mono-microbial subnetwork was enriched with host genes annotated with involved in cytokine production and regulation of response to stress. The polymicrobial network consisted of several significant associations between different species (S. pyogenes, Porphyromonas asaccharolytica and Escherichia coli) and host genes. The host genes associated with S. pyogenes in this subnetwork were characterised by cellular response to cytokines. We further found several virulence factors including hyaluronan synthase, Sic1, Isp, SagF, SagG, ScfAB-operon, Fba and genes upstream and downstream of EndoS along with bacterial housekeeping genes interacting with the human stress and immune response in various subnetworks between host and pathogen. Conclusions: At the population level, we found aetiology-dependent responses showing the potential modes of entry and immune evasion strategies employed by S. pyogenes, congruent with general cellular processes such as differentiation and proliferation. After stratifying the patients based on the subject-specific networks to study the patient-specific response, we observed different patient groups with different collagens, cytoskeleton and actin monomers in association with virulence factors, immunogenic proteins and housekeeping genes which we utilised to postulate differing modes of entry and immune evasion for different bacteria in relationship to the patients’ phenotype.publishedVersio

Effect of Topical Anaesthetics on Interstitial Colloid Osmotic Pressure in Human Subcutaneous Tissue Sampled by Wick Technique

To measure colloid osmotic pressure in interstitial fluid (COP(i)) from human subcutaneous tissue with the modified wick technique in order to determine influence of topical application of anaesthetics, dry vs. wet wick and implantation time on COP(i).In 50 healthy volunteers interstitial fluid (IF) was collected by subcutaneous implantation of multi-filamentous nylon wicks. Study subjects were allocated to two groups; one for comparing COP(i) obtained from dry and saline soaked wicks, and one for comparing COP(i) from unanaesthetized skin, and skin after application of a eutectic mixture of local anaesthetic (EMLA®, Astra Zeneca) cream. IF was sampled from the skin of the shoulders, and implantation time was 30, 60, 75, 90 and 120 min. Colloid osmotic pressure was measured with a colloid osmometer. Pain assessment during the procedure was compared for EMLA cream and no topical anaesthesia using a visual analogue scale (VAS) in a subgroup of 10 subjects.There were no significant differences between COP(i) obtained from dry compared to wet wicks, except that the values after 75 and 90 min. were somewhat higher for the dry wicks. Topical anaesthesia with EMLA cream did not affect COP(i) values. COP(i) decreased from 30 to 75 min. of implantation (23.2 ± 4.4 mmHg to 19.6 ± 2.9 mmHg, p = 0.008) and subsequently tended to increase until 120 min. EMLA cream resulted in significant lower VAS score for the procedure.COP(i) from subcutaneous tissue was easily obtained and fluid harvesting was well tolerated when topical anaesthetic was used. The difference in COP(i) assessed by dry and wet wicks between 75 min. and 90 min. of implantation was in accordance with previous reports. The use of topical analgesia did not influence COP(i) and topical analgesia may make the wick technique more acceptable for subjects who dislike technical procedures, including children.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01044979

Myxedema coma complicated by bilateral hygromas

Myxedema coma is an important differential diagnosis in critically ill patients. Early diagnosis and treatment are paramount but challenging due to a lack of diagnostic criteria. We report a case about a patient who suffered from untreated hypothyroidism for several years. Before the correct diagnosis was made, he was admitted three times due to severe constipation. Eventually, he developed myxedema coma in connection with a urinary tract infection. The course was complicated by recurrent seizures, and neuroimaging showed bilateral hygromas. Hormone replacement therapy resulted in complete recovery and regression of hygromas. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time hygroma is reported in association with myxedema coma

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment in three cases of necrotizing infection of the neck

Necrotizing infections of the head and neck are rare conditions in our hospital. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of three consecutive cases treated in Haukeland University Hospital in western Norway in the year 2010 are described. Two cases of Lemierre’s syndrome and one case with a descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) were diagnosed. All three cases were treated with broad spectrum antibiotics and in two cases surgery was possible. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) with intensive care facilities became recently available at our hospital, and this treatment was used in all these patients regardless of surgery. In one case we describe the use of HBOT on the basis of strong clinical suspicion of anaerobic infection only. Bacterial identification by partial sequencing of the 16SrDNA gene proved to be a useful supplement to conventional culture techniques. All the cases all demonstrated a significant clinical improvement after introduction of HBOT. When HBOT is available, it should be considered as adjunctive treatment in extensive infections with anaerobes

Integrin αvβ3 acts downstream of insulin in normalization of interstitial fluid pressure in sepsis and in cell-mediated collagen gel contraction

The administration of insulin is recommended to patients with severe sepsis and hyperglycemia. Previously, we demonstrated that insulin may have direct anti-inflammatory properties and counteracted fluid losses from the circulation by normalizing the interstitial fluid pressure (PIF). PIF is one of the Starling forces determining fluid flux over the capillary wall, and a lowered PIF is one of the driving forces in early edema formation in inflammatory reactions. Here we demonstrate that insulin restores a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-lowered PIF via a mechanism involving integrin αvβ3. In C57 black mice (n = 6), LPS lowered PIF from −0.2 ± 0.2 to −1.6 ± 0.3 (P < 0.05) and after insulin averaged −0.8 ± 0.2 mmHg (P = 0.098 compared with after LPS). Corresponding values in wild-type BALB/c mice (n = 5) were −0.8 ± 0.1, −2.1 ± 0.3 (P < 0.05), and −0.8 ± 0.3 mmHg (P < 0.05 compared with LPS) after insulin administration. In BALB/c integrin β3-deficient (β3−/−) mice (n = 6), LPS lowered PIF from −0.1 ± 0.2 to −1.5 ± 0.3 mmHg (P < 0.05). Insulin did not, however, restore PIF in these mice (averaged −1.7 ± 0.3 mmHg after insulin administration). Cell-mediated collagen gel contraction can serve as an in vitro model for in vivo measurements of PIF. Insulin induced αvβ3-integrin-dependent collagen gel contraction mediated by C2C12 cells. Our findings suggest a beneficiary effect of insulin for patients with sepsis with regard to the fluid balance, and this effect may in part be due to a normalization of PIF by a mechanism involving the integrin αvβ3

Knut Hickethier: Film- und Fernsehanalyse

Abstract Background Therapeutic hypothermia is neuroprotective in asphyxiated neonates by counteracting mechanisms contributing to brain injury. Although an initial increased permeability is part of an inflammatory reaction and thereby a natural healing process, an excessive endothelial permeability with edema formation may result in impaired hemodynamics. Reduced permeability may, however, benefit healing. Although plasma and interstitial colloid osmotic pressure are accessible and essential parameters for understanding fluid imbalance, the mechanisms of fluid exchange remain poorly understood. The potential influence of therapeutic hypothermia on plasma and interstitial colloid osmotic pressure, and the relationship between inflammatory markers and colloid osmotic pressure in asphyxiated neonates, was investigated. Methods Seventeen neonates with moderate to severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, born after 35 weeks gestation, received servo-controlled whole body cooling before 6 h of age, followed by gradual rewarming after 72 h. All infants were treated according to a national hypothermia protocol. Interstitial fluid in the skin was collected at 7, 13, 25, 49, and 73 h after birth by subcutaneous implantation of multifilamentous nylon wicks with 60 min of implantation time. Biomarkers of inflammation and colloid osmotic pressure were measured in serum and interstitial fluid. Results A modest decrease in serum and interstitial colloid osmotic pressure was measured, leaving an unaltered difference in colloid osmotic pressure gradient. A decline in mean arterial pressure was observed between 7 and 13 h of life, with a concomitant decrease in positive fluid balance within the same time frame. White blood cell count and leukocyte subclasses dropped significantly throughout treatment, with elevated interstitial interleukin (IL)-1α and decreased serum IL-1RA, IL-6, and IL-10 during treatment time points. Conclusions Colloid osmotic pressures measured in serum and interstitial fluid during asphyxia is lower than previously reported, with small alteration of pressure differences across capillaries, reducing vascular filtration. An inherent local and systemic regulation of inflammation together with changes in colloid osmotic pressure may indicate a possible preventive mechanism of edema generation during neonatal asphyxia and therapeutic hypothermia. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01044940. Date of registration: January 8, 2010

Topical anaesthesia and colloid osmotic pressure.

<p>Colloid osmotic pressure in interstitial fluid collected from wet wicks inserted without (•) or after topical anaesthesia with EMLA (▴) plotted against duration of insertion. Mean COP_i was 21.0 mmHg in the group without and 20.6 mmHg in the group with EMLA. No significant differences were found between the groups.</p

Colloid osmotic pressure and implantation time.

<p>Colloid osmotic pressure in interstitial fluid collected from wicks after various times of implantation. Significant difference (p<0.05) between dry (•) and wet (▪) wicks at 30 min. are indicated with () and between dry wicks from 30 to 75 min. with ().</p