Chukotsk or Chukchi: Some Thoughts on the Transposition of Soviet Geographical Names

... To some cartographers and gazetteer writers the transposition of Russian geographical names into English may seem a subject well suited for an arbitrary rule of thumb; but is it? ... The reason for the current trend towards indiscriminate transliteration of Soviet geographical names is not far to seek. It is the simplest way to avoid the problems of adaptation, and at the same time enables all those who may now have a need to know the Russian version of the names to avoid learning the 32 letters of the Cyrillic alphabet - at the price of a minor distortion and some uncertainty in spelling and pronunciation. By the same token it is also the crudest manner of transposition. It literally deprives the English language of a galaxy of geographical names for a vast and increasingly important part of the earth. It is a way of dodging an issue instead of facing it. ..

Criminal protection of labour relations

The criminal legal protection of human labour rights from socially dangerous attacks is a necessary component of the mechanism for their implementation and State protection, and must be ensured through a unified and harmonized system of criminal law. The criminalization of certain acts often arises from the impact of the adoption of relevant international legal instruments in a particular area.The criminal legal protection of human labour rights from socially dangerous attacks is a necessary component of the mechanism for their implementation and State protection, and must be ensured through a unified and harmonized system of criminal law. The criminalization of certain acts often arises from the impact of the adoption of relevant international legal instruments in a particular area

Criminological characteristics of the intellectual property protection system in Ukraine

Today, Ukraine is on track to reform its own system of intellectual property rights (intellectual law). On the one hand, Ukraine participates in all the main (basic) universally recognized international treaties in the field of intellectual property protection, on the other - Ukrainian legislation has not been formed in final form.Today, Ukraine is on track to reform its own system of intellectual property rights (intellectual law). On the one hand, Ukraine participates in all the main (basic) universally recognized international treaties in the field of intellectual property protection, on the other - Ukrainian legislation has not been formed in final form

Combining multiple classifications of chemical structures using consensus clustering

Consensus clustering involves combining multiple clusterings of the same set of objects to achieve a single clustering that will, hopefully, provide a better picture of the groupings that are present in a dataset. This Letter reports the use of consensus clustering methods on sets of chemical compounds represented by 2D fingerprints. Experiments with DUD, IDAlert, MDDR and MUV data suggests that consensus methods are unlikely to result in significant improvements in clustering effectiveness as compared to the use of a single clustering method. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Local multiresolution order in community detection

Community detection algorithms attempt to find the best clusters of nodes in an arbitrary complex network. Multi-scale ("multiresolution") community detection extends the problem to identify the best network scale(s) for these clusters. The latter task is generally accomplished by analyzing community stability simultaneously for all clusters in the network. In the current work, we extend this general approach to define local multiresolution methods, which enable the extraction of well-defined local communities even if the global community structure is vaguely defined in an average sense. Toward this end, we propose measures analogous to variation of information and normalized mutual information that are used to quantitatively identify the best resolution(s) at the community level based on correlations between clusters in independently-solved systems. We demonstrate our method on two constructed networks as well as a real network and draw inferences about local community strength. Our approach is independent of the applied community detection algorithm save for the inherent requirement that the method be able to identify communities across different network scales, with appropriate changes to account for how different resolutions are evaluated or defined in a particular community detection method. It should, in principle, easily adapt to alternative community comparison measures.Comment: 19 pages, 11 figure

Treatment of basal cell cancer in the periorbital area using a pulsed copper vapour laser

An increase in life expectancy in developed countries is inevitably accompanied by an increase in the number of nonmelanoma skin diseases, which are primarily represented by basal cell cancer (BCC) occurring in elderly and old-age patients. The pathogenesis of such diseases is associated both with impaired proliferation and differentiation of the keratinocytes of the epidermal basal layer, as well as with the transformation of the vasculature in the papillary dermis in the vicinity of BCC. In recent years, such conditions have been increasingly treated using CO2 , neodymium, diode and pulsed-dye lasers. In many cases, these devices allow malignant BCC cells to be successfully eliminated. However, the use of near-infrared lasers in the periorbital area is limited due to a higher risk of damaging the organs of the visual system. Therefore, a search for new laser surgery methods that can be used for treating malignant skin tumours seems to be a prospective research direction.Methods. 3 male and 9 female patients diagnosed with primary BCC were treated using a copper vapour laser (Yakhroma-Med). The age of the patients varied from 34 to 77 years. Laser treatment was carried out in one session under the following irradiation parameters: the wavelength of 511 and 578 nm, the average power of up to 3 W and a series of 15 ns pulses. The pause between the pulses was 60 μs, with the exposure time ranging from 200 to 600 ms. The light spot diameter on the skin surface was 1 mm. The follow-up monitoring duration was 24 months.Results. In all the BCC patients, one session of copper vapour laser treatment allowed malignant cells in the disease area to be completely eliminated without relapses during 2 years after the therapy. The duration of skin healing in the irradiated area was 2 weeks in patients under the age of 40 years, compared to 3–4 weeks in elderly patients. After the treatment, short-term side effects, such as a slight edema, erythema and peeling, were observed

MORPHOFUNCTIONAL STATEOFKIDNEYS OF RATSAFTER INJECTIONOFPLACENTAL CRYOEXTRACT IN HEYMANN NEPHRITIS

Изучение иммунного механизма поражения почек на модели нефрита Хеймана (НХ), вызывающего изменения сосудов почечных клубочков, их морфологических и морфометрических показателей, представляют значительный интерес Цель работы: изучить влияние введения криоэкстракта аллогенной плаценты (КЭП) на функциональные и морфологические показатели почек при экспериментальном НХ. Материал и методы. Крысы-самцы 4-х месячного возраста были разделены на 3 группы: I – интактные; 2 – животные с моделью НХ; 3 – животные с моделью НХ, которым на 28 день после иммунизации 3 раза за неделю внутримышечно вводили КЭП. Животных 2-й и 3-й групп выводили из эксперимента на 45 и 60 сутки. Исследованы биохимические, функциональные и морфологические показатели почек на всех стадиях развития НХ и после введения КЭП. Результаты и их обсуждение. У животных 2 и 3 группы на 28-е сутки возрастало количество циркулирующих иммунных комплексов (ЦИК) в крови и иммунных депозитов на базальных мембранах клубочков, что сопровождалось нарушением их структуры и выделительной функции почек. Выявлены морфометрические различия в размерах клубочков в динамике НХ. Через 60 суток в ткани почек экспериментальных животных наблюдались признаки фокального мезангиального пролиферативного гломерулонефрита как при введении КЭП, так и без него. При введении КЭП отложения депозитов иммунных комплексов не обнаруживалось. Выводы: При НХ на 28 сутки отмечено возрастание ЦИК в крови, отложение депозитов иммунных комплексов на базальных мембранах капилляров клубочков, сужение их просвета и пролиферация мезангиоцитов, что сопровождалось нарушением выделительной функции почек. Введение КЭП нормализовывало функцію почек, снижало к 45 суткам уровни комплемента ЦИК до показателей нормы

Consensus clustering in complex networks

The community structure of complex networks reveals both their organization and hidden relationships among their constituents. Most community detection methods currently available are not deterministic, and their results typically depend on the specific random seeds, initial conditions and tie-break rules adopted for their execution. Consensus clustering is used in data analysis to generate stable results out of a set of partitions delivered by stochastic methods. Here we show that consensus clustering can be combined with any existing method in a self-consistent way, enhancing considerably both the stability and the accuracy of the resulting partitions. This framework is also particularly suitable to monitor the evolution of community structure in temporal networks. An application of consensus clustering to a large citation network of physics papers demonstrates its capability to keep track of the birth, death and diversification of topics.Comment: 11 pages, 12 figures. Published in Scientific Report