The Politics of Plato and His Objection to Democracy

Ancient Greek philosopher, Plato, had not only had political desires but had also tried to engage in active politics. But after a big frustration, especially with the trial of Socrates, he turned away from politics and criticized the political phenomena of his own time under the name of democracy. In his fascinating works we find his political ideas, ambitions, adventures, approvals and disapprovals. For Plato society or an ideal state must be organized and controlled not by masses, but by persons who really know what the norms are. The troubles of mankind will never cease until either true genuine philosophers attain political power or the rulers of states by some dispensation of providence become genuine philosophers.Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polski

Latrinas in Antique Period in the light of Tralleis Latrina and the 3D modelling of Tralleis Latrina

İnsanın beslenme kadar doğal bir ihtiyacı da sindirilen besinlerin vücuttan atılmasıdır. Erken dönemlerden itibaren insanoğlu bu ihtiyacını doğada gidermiştir. M.Ö. III. binden itibaren bu ihtiyaç için kapalı mekanların oluşturulduğu görülmektedir. Saraylarda ya da varlıklı kişilerin evinde kişilere hizmet eden küçük tuvaletlerin buluntuları tespit edilmiştir. Roma Dönemi'ne gelindiğinde bu yapıların anıtsal büyük ve çok kişiye aynı anda hizmet veren yapılara dönüştüğü anlaşılmaktadır. Kentin önemli mimari yapıları arasına giren bu yapılar "Latrina" olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Özellikle M.S. II. yy.da en görkemli örnekleri görülen latrinalar Akdeniz Dünyası'nda Afrika, İtalya ve Anadolu'da karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Birden fazla kişinin aynı anda ihtiyacını karşıladığı latrinalar sadece tuvalet ihtiyacının giderildiği yerler olmaktan çıkmıştır. Kullanıcıların bu esnada sohbet ettiği ve sosyalleştiği bir yapı olmuştur. Bu nedenle halka hitap eden, halkın ihtiyacını karşılamak amacı ile latrinaların kent içerisindeki konumu da ayrı bir öneme sahiptir. Latrinaların hamamların yakınında inşa edilerek, buradan gelen atık suların latrina kanalizasyonuna verildiği örneklerinin var olduğu gibi, ayrı olarak tek başlarına inşa edilmiş ve kendi özel su ve kanalizasyon sistemlerine sahip olan latrinalarda görülmektedir. Kent içerisinde latrina için ayrılan yere ve kentin ne kadar görkemli bir latrina yapmak istediğine bağlı olarak latrinalar farklı planlarda inşa edilmiştir. Altı grupta incelenen planlar; Peristilli, Eksedral, Yuvarlak, U, L, I planlarıdır. Her planda kullanıcılar oturma plakaları üzerine açılmış delikler üzerine oturarak ihtiyaçlarını giderirler. Oturma plakaları mermerden, taştan ya da ahşaptan yapılmışlardır. Oturma plakaları duvara yerleştirilmiş konsollar üzerinde taşınır. Plakaların alt kısmını da, üstteki deliğin hizasına gelecek şeklide üzerinde bir delik olan başka bir plaka desteklemektedir. Alt kısımda yer alan delik taharetlenme amacına hizmet etmek için yapılmıştır. Ayaklarını bastıkları alanın hemen önünde bir temiz su kanalı yer almaktadır. Bu kanal içerisinden temiz su kullanıcılara sağlanmaktadır. Latrinaların kullanıcılarına tam anlamıyla hizmet vermesi için atıklardan oluşan kötü kokunun engellenmesi ve kanallardaki atıkların hızlı uzaklaştırılması gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle her latrina güçlü bir kanalizasyon sistemine sahip olmak durumundadır. Latrinaların tüm halkın kullandığı yapılar olduğu ya da düşük bir ücreti ödeyen herkesin kullanabildiği kabul edilmektedir. Latrina içerisinde herhangi bir statü ya da zümre ayrımına dair yorumlanabilen bir buluntu ele geçmemiştir. M.S. I. yy. da mimari olarak tam anlamıyla ortaya çıkan latrinalar, en görkemli dönemi M.S. II. yy. olarak değerlendirilmektedir. M.S. IV. yy. da kadın ve erkekler için ayrı latrinalar kullanılmıştır. M.S. VI. yy.a gelindiğinde artık latrinaların kullanımının son bulduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Çalışma da incelenen Tralleis Latrinası 20.20 x 15.00m. ölçülerindedir. Özenli bir işçilik ile yapılmıştır. Peristilli latrinalar grubu içerisinde yer alır. Oturma sıralarının düzeni U formundadır. Geniş temiz su kanallarına sahiptir. Oturma plakaları ve temiz su kanalları mermerden yapılmıştır. Kanalizasyonu latrinanın duvarları boyunca dolaşmaktadır. Latrina daha sonraki dönemlerde çok fazla tahribata uğramıştır. Ancak elde edilen buluntular Tralleis Latrinası'nın Anadolu'da yer alan en görkemli latrinalar arasında ilk sıralarda yer almasını sağlamaktadır.Hrowing the eaten food out of the body is a natural need as well as nutrition .The nutrition is a natural needs for human as well as the eaten foods are thrown out from digestion system. Humans had eliminated their need to use the loo in nature beginning from early periods. Since the III. millennium B.C. indoors are seen which has builded for call of nature. Some small toilet finds had determined in palaces or in the home of wealthy people. When it comes to Roman Period it's inferred that this constitution transformed to monumental and structures which serving to many people at the same time. This buildings are one of the significant buildings among the major architectural structures in Roman city and have defined as 'Latrina'. We have encountered to the most magnificent examples of latrinas particularly at the II. century B.C. widely in Africa, Italy and Anatolia in the Mediterranean World. Latrinas were not just communal space with multiple toilets. Moreover they became social areas where people could chat. Therefore latrinas' location has a specific importance in order to appeal the public and call of nature in the city. Latrinas have varried examples. Some of them were built near of the bath thus waste water from bath was emptying from the common sever of latrina. Also in latrinas which was built separately have seen their own water and sewage system. Latrinas were built in diffrent plans depending on place of latrina and how magnificent latrina that city wants. Sub-groups examined in plans: Peristyle, exedral, U, L, I planned latrinas. In each plan, the users sits on plates defined as a hole in the ground and make thier toilet. Fit plates were made of marble, stone or wood. Plates carried by consoles were placed on the walls. Bottom of the plates are shored by a another perforated plate in alignment with the hole facing to the top. Bottom of the hole was created to serve lustration. The clean water channel was located in front of the area where they set foot. Clean water is provided to users through this channel. Properly in order to serve users of latrinas the bad smell of waste consisting and wastes in the channels had to be removed quickly. Therefore, each latrinas had to include stronger sewage system. It's accepted that latrinas were used by all the public even rural areas and low-income urban communities or they were used with a low-wage. There is not any antiquity founded inside of latrina concerning any status or class discrimination. Latrinas are completely emerged as a part of architecture in the I. century B.C. The most glorious period of latrina is considered as II. Century B.C. Latrinas were used separetely for men and women in the IV. century A.D. When it comes to IV. century A.D. it appears that latrinas were no longer used. The measure of Tralleis Latrina -which examined in study- is 20.20x15.00. It was made by elaborated labour. It's involved in peristyle group. Seating arrangement is in U form. Latrina has a large fresh water channels. Sitting plates and water cleaning channels were made of marble. Sewage of latrina is circulated along its walls. Latrina was destructed in later periods. However ruins of Tralleis Latrina provides to offer to be one of the most splendid latrinas in Anatolia among others

An integrated model for cash transfer system design problem

This paper presents an integrated model that incorporates strategic, tactical, and operational decisions for a cash transfer management system of a bank. The aim of the model is to decide on the location of cash management centers, number and routes of vehicles, and the cash inventory management policies to minimize the cost of owning and operating a cash transfer system while maintaining a pre-defined service level. Owing to the difficulty of finding optimal decisions in such integrated models, an iterative solution approach is proposed in which strategic, tactical, and operational problems are solved separately via a feedback mechanism. Numerical results show that such an approach is quite effective in reaching greatly improved solutions with just a few iterations, making it a promising approach for similar integrated models

The Loos of Time and Space: From Production to Consumption

The concept of modernity has been changed and evolved from the industrial revolution up to present. Looking at the theory of modernity and its effects on human life, it can be said that, modernism has made fundamental changes in the perception of time and space. These fundamental changes have been affective on urban and urban life, as well as, on all aspects of life, such as the urban space character and the usage practices. The changes in historical cities has not limited to urban character, it has become an attack to urban memory. Like many things of the past, also “the space” has been exposed to rapid consumption, in the age of consumption, that we live in. In this context, the paper will consist of the main theme of “spatial transformation”. In this aim, the historic industrial buildings, which gain new functions as shopping centres today, will be examined. The spatial changes will be put forward in the light of “non-places” concept, which has been mentioned by Marc Augé

Gestalt contact styles in OCD patients: a controlled study

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a challenging disease in terms of remission rates and treatment approaches. All theoretical approaches are needed for a better understanding. Compared to other theories, it has not been examined sufficiently from the perspective of gestalt theory in the literature. Objective: To examine and compare the Gestalt Contact Styles of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the Control Group and to examine the relationship between Gestalt Contact Styles and OCD symptoms. Methods: 50 OCD patients were compared with the healthy control group. All patients were evaluated with the Yale Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), the Padua Inventory (PI), and the Gestalt Contact Styles Scale-Revised Form (GCSS-RF). For the control group, GCSS-RF was applied. Results: The scores of the OCD patients for GCSS-RF “Retroflection” and “Deflection” subscales were significantly higher than the Control Group. Statistically significant high scores were found between the subscales of Padua Inventory “contamination obsessions and washing compulsions”, “obsessional thoughts”, “obsessional impulses” and “checking compulsions” subtypes and Gestalt contact styles in the Patient Group in a symptomatological examined manner. With these findings, in terms of Gestalt Contact Styles, it is seen that the difference between Patient and Control Groups is significantly different. There was no significant relationship between the Yale-Brown total score of the Patient Group and the GCSS-RF subscales. Discussion: In conclusion, the findings of the study showed significant differences in terms of Gestalt Contact Styles (Retroflection, Contact, Deflection, Desensitization, Confluence) in Patient and Control Groups and OCD symptoms. These results are important to Gestalt Therapists in terms of shedding light on the therapeutic intervention to be done for an OCD patient and contributing to the literature

Consumer Motivation And Concern Factors For Online Shopping In Turkey

Understanding consumer behaviour in online environments is the basic factor to build an effective consumer-retailer relationship structure. The purpose of this study is to explore the influences of different values and concerns affecting search and purchase intentions of consumers and to build an integrated model, which could explain the purchase intentions of consumers in Turkey, where the majority of the population is under the age of 30. An integrated model of motivation and concern factors on the online shopping is developed to test the causal effect variables. Current study points out that hedonic value is a determinant of the consumer intention to search and purchase. Search intention has a direct impact on purchase intention. Utilitarian value does not have a significant impact on the search intention but it does have an important impact on the purchase intention. From the concern factors perspective, security has a significant impact on both search and purchase intentions, whereas there is no impact for privacy

The relationship between derivative instruments and systematic risk: A study on banks trading on BIST

This study is aimed to analyze the relationship between the use of derivative financial instruments for speculative and hedging purposes and systematic risk. The effect of the use of derivatives by seven banks trading on Borsa Istanbul during the period of June 2007 – December 2017 on systematic risk was studied using panel cointegration, causality and regression analyses. Banking sector was examined within the scope of the study, since the level of use of derivatives is high in this sector. It was identified in the study that there is a long-run cointegration relationship between the use of derivatives and systematic risk. It was also identified that there is a significant and negative relationship between the use of derivatives for speculative purposes and systematic risk. Furthermore, it was determined that there is a one-way causality relationship from the use of derivatives for speculative purposes towards systematic risk. However, there was no relationship identified between the use of derivatives for hedging purposes and systematic risk. On the other hand, significant and negative relationship was identified between swap transactions that banks use for speculative purposes and systematic risk, while there was no significant relationship determined between forward and option contracts and systematic risk

Hand hygiene habits and hand eczema prevalence of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic

Aim: Hand hygiene has become an important building block in the prevention of the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The current study was conducted to determine the hand hygiene habits of healthcare workers and possible risk factors for hand eczema during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: The hand hygiene habits of healthcare personnel working at a university hospital since COVID-19 pandemic started were questioned between December 2020 and February 2021 and they were dermatologically examined to screen for hand eczema. Results: Of the 150 healthcare workers, 56 (37.3%) were doctors and 94 (62.7%) were nurses, and 40 (26.7%) were men and 110 (73.3%) were women. The rate of participants that reported washing their hands more frequently than 25 times daily was 46.0% (n=69), and the rate of disinfectant use was 59.3% (n=89). While 88 (58.7%) of the participants used a moisturizer daily, 62 (41.3%) did not use a moisturizer. Fifteen (10.0%) participants were diagnosed with hand eczema. Conclusion: There was an increase in the daily frequencies of hand washing and use of disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic, but our data did not reveal any statistically significant risk factor of hand eczema

The Relationship between Financial Performance of Banking Sector and Economic Growth: A Research on EU Countries

In this study, the effects of financial performance of banking sector on economic growth have been analyzed. The study covers the data for the period 1996-2017 of European Union countries. In the study in regard to economic growth, GDP growth (annual %); financial performance, bank ROA, bank ROE, bank cost to income ratio (%) and stock market capitalization to GDP (%) have been used. The relationship between financial performance and economic growth have been analyzed through panel data method. The results of the analysis suggest that the bank performance of European Union countries have positive effect on economic growth. A positive and significant relationship has been determined that the ROA, bank cost to income ratio and stock market capitalization and economic growth. EU countries will be able to expedite economic growth by increasing the financial performance of banks