Why is so Little Spent on Educating the Poor?

Poverty, Income distribution, Education, Development

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PEMANFAATAN PELAYANAN KESEHATAN DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS TAMBARANA KECAMATAN POSO PESISIR UTARA KABUPATEN POSO

Community Health Center is a health service facility that organizes public health efforts and the efforts of individual health at the first level, with more prioritizes promotive and preventive efforts, to achieve the highest public health status in its working area. Utilization of Community Health Center service is influenced by several factors like the public perception of health, public perception of the quality of service, family income and level of education. This study aimed to determine the relationship of the public perception of health, public perception of the quality of service, family income and education level with Health Service Utilization in the working area of Community Health Center Tambarana North Coastal of Poso sub-district, Poso district. This type of research was analytical survey research with cross sectional approach. The total of the sample were 69 respondents which was drawn by using Standley Lameshow formula which the population was known. Data was analyzed descriptively which was known as univariate and bivariate analysis, on the credibility degree of 95% (p <0.05). Chi Square test results showed that the public perception of health related to health service utilization (ρ = 0.000), public perception of the quality of service was not related to health service utilization (ρ = 0.213), family income relatedto health service utilization (ρ = 0.004), and there was a relationship between the education level with health service utilization (ρ = 0.000). The relation absence of public perception of service quality with health service utilizationmay be affected by physical evidence, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy

Develop a Highway Inventory Data Quality Control Scheme (PL-26)

Since passage of the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21), transportation agencies have become increasingly reliant on data for planning and programming, asset management, and performance tracking. An efficient asset inventory database with accurate data is critical for states to comply with MAP-21 (and now FAST Act) requirements. The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet’s (KYTC) Division of Planning maintains the Highway Information System (HIS), which is a primary source of this information for transportation professionals at the Cabinet (KYTC). Because highway system is continually changing, it is a challenging task to keep the information in the HIS up to date. Further, the level of accuracy and precision of the initial data collection activities vary among the agencies tasked with data collection. This study developed a quality check program of the HIS to ensure key items in the database are accurate. KYTC identified a list of priority data items to include in this assessment. They were: (1) Number and width of through lanes; (2) Type and width of medians; (3) Presence and width of auxiliary lanes (e.g., truck climbing, turning, two-way left turn); and (4) Type and width of shoulders. For this study, Kentucky Transportation Center (KTC) researchers developed a process to systematically sample highway segments and generate data collection points. These points were located on Google Earth and Google Street View so that those programs ’ native tools could be used to measure the relevant attributes.Researchers then compared the HI S records and observed data to identify possible errors. This study’s analysis verified that the vast majority of the sampled segments have accurate entries in the HIS database. For Through Lane and Shoulder asset types, inconsistencies between the observed and archived data were mostly on roads in small urban areas and rural minor arterials or lower functional groups.Since they account for about 86% of the total mileages in Kentucky, additional sampling of roads in these groups is recommended. Median width was identified as another item that warrants further review. The Auxiliary Lane asset type appears to have the least inconsistency between the observed and archived data, according to random samples

Cloud-Enhanced Robotic System for Smart City Crowd Control

Cloud robotics in smart cities is an emerging paradigm that enables autonomous robotic agents to communicate and collaborate with a cloud computing infrastructure. It complements the Internet of Things (IoT) by creating an expanded network where robots offload data-intensive computation to the ubiquitous cloud to ensure quality of service (QoS). However, offloading for robots is significantly complex due to their unique characteristics of mobility, skill-learning, data collection, and decision-making capabilities. In this paper, a generic cloud robotics framework is proposed to realize smart city vision while taking into consideration its various complexities. Specifically, we present an integrated framework for a crowd control system where cloud-enhanced robots are deployed to perform necessary tasks. The task offloading is formulated as a constrained optimization problem capable of handling any task flow that can be characterized by a Direct Acyclic Graph (DAG).We consider two scenarios of minimizing energy and time, respectively, and develop a genetic algorithm (GA)-based approach to identify the optimal task offloading decisions. The performance comparison with two benchmarks shows that our GA scheme achieves desired energy and time performance. We also show the adaptability of our algorithm by varying the values for bandwidth and movement. The results suggest their impact on offloading. Finally, we present a multi-task flow optimal path sequence problem that highlights how the robot can plan its task completion via movements that expend the minimum energy. This integrates path planning with offloading for robotics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to evaluate cloud-based task offloading for a smart city crowd control system

Gender and educational background: Influence on entrepreneurial intention (EI) in economics learning

Student behavior is one of important aspects to determine both direction and process in the Economic Theory learning. This study aims to draw how those two factors, gender and educational background, support the emergence and development of student entrepreneurial intention. This study is a quantitative study using explanatory survey. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA design to find the relationship/influence of gender and educational background on student entrepreneurial intention. The population was 111 students. Saturated samples were used as sampling technique. The results indicate that both gender and educational background had no significant influence on student entrepreneurial intention. Therefore, lecturers can override both when preparing learning strategies and design for Economics Theory courses

Street Vendor Business Performance in the New Normal Era

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of entrepreneurial-focused street food and beverage vendors, as well as their pricing and promotion plans in the new normal era. 128 street vendors were selected as the sample based on the findings of the research questionnaire distribution using the incidental sampling technique. This study uses causality with multiple linear regression analysis as an explanatory approach. The results of the study found that the success of street vendors in the new normal era was positively and significantly influenced by entrepreneurial orientation, promotion strategies, and pricing strategies. Even though many traders cannot continue their business, these findings provide support for street vendors who are able to survive in conditions related to the Covid-19 pandemic. Since prices have not changed, they are still quite distinctive to customers, and street vendors have acted practically without realizing that they can adapt their strategy to concentrate on maintaining customer loyalty. This study recommends that street vendors continue to provide their customers or consumers with the best service. It is perfect for consumers who use their products frequently, and offers the best customer service, encouraging them to continue buying their products. Keywords:Street Vendors, Business Performance, Entrepreneurial orientation, Promotion Strategy, Pricing Strategy DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/14-24-02 Publication date: December 31st 202

Increasing Soil Suppressivity to Fusarium Wilt Of Banana Through Banana Intercropping with Allium spp.

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc), is one of the most destructive diseases of banana and has spread in many plantation areas in Indonesia. Until today, the effective ways to control banana fusarium wiltdisease have not yet been found. Some studies indicated thatAllium spp. could be used to suppress plant diseases caused by Fusarium. Allium spp. are important horticultural crops which are generally cultivated in some areas in Indonesia. This research was conducted to determine the effect of several species ofAllium spp. intercropped with banana to improve soil suppressiveness against banana fusarium wilt disease. The results showed that up to 12 months after planting, from 3 species ofAllium spp. (A. tuberosum/ Chinese leek, A. fistulosum/ bunching onion, and A. cepa var. aggregatum/ shallot) intercropped with banana Ambon Kuning (AAA) cultivar, Chinese leek and shallot were able to suppress the incidence of fusarium wilt disease of banana by 46 and 33% respectively. Soil analysis on the rhizosphere of banana intercropped with Chinese leek and shallot had lower population of total Fusarium compared to the other treatments. Analysis of fluorescein diacetate (3'.6'-diacetylfluoerescein) or FDA also showed that total microbial activity in the rhizosphere of banana intercropped withAllium spp. was also lower compared to control treatment (without intercropping). The observation of the effect ofAllium spp. extracts on Foc showed that Allium spp. extracts were able to suppress the development of the colony and spore germination of Foc in vitro.Keywords: Allium spp., banana, fusarium wilt suppression, intercroppingLayu Fusarium, yang disebabkan oleh Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc), merupakan salah satu penyakit tanaman pisang yang paling merusak dan telah tersebar di berbagai daerah di Indonesia. Sampai saat ini cara yangefektif untuk mengendalikan penyakit layu fusarium pisang belum ditemukan. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Allium spp. dapat dipergunakan untuk menekan penyakit tumbuhan yang disebabkan oleh Fusarium. Allium spp.adalah tanaman hortikultura penting yang banyak dibudidayakan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh beberapa spesiesAllium spp. yang ditumpangsarikan dengan tanaman pisang untuk meningkatkansupresifitas tanah dalam menekan penyakit layu fusarium pisang. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa sampai 12 bulan setelah tanam, dari 3 spesiesAllium spp. (A. tuberosum/kucai, A. fistulosum/loncang, dan A. cepa var. aggregatum/bawang merah) yang ditumpangsarikan dengan pisang kultivar Ambon Kuning (AAA), kucai dan bawang merah mampu menekan insidensi penyakit layu fusarium pisang berturut-turut sebesar 46% dan 33%. Analisis tanah rhizosfer pisang yang ditumpang sari dengan kucai dan bawang merah menunjukkan populasi total Fusarium yang lebih rendah daripada perlakuan lainnya. Analisis fluorescein diacetate (3'.6'-diacetylfluoerescein) atau FDA juga menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas total mikrobia pada rhizosfer pisang yang ditumpang sari dengan Allium spp. lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan perlakuan kontrol (tanpa tumpang sari). Pengamatan pengaruh ekstrak Allium spp. terhadap Foc menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak Allium spp. mampu menekan perkembangan koloni dan perkecambahan spora Foc secara in vitro.Kata kunci: Allium spp., penekanan layu fusarium, pisang, tumpang sar

Safety and tolerability of experimental hookworm infection in humans with metabolic disease: study protocol for a phase 1b randomised controlled clinical trial

Background: Abdominal obesity and presence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) significantly increase the risk of developing diseases such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with escalating emergence of MetS and T2DM constituting a significant public health crisis worldwide. Lower prevalence of inflammatory and metabolic diseases such as T2DM in countries with higher incidences of helminth infections suggested a potential role for these parasites in the prevention and management of certain diseases. Recent studies confirmed the potential protective nature of helminth infection against MetS and T2DM via immunomodulation or, potentially, alteration of the intestinal microbiota. This Phase 1b safety and tolerability trial aims to assess the effect of inoculation with helminths on physical and metabolic parameters, immune responses, and the microbiome in otherwise healthy women and men. Methods: Participants eligible for inclusion are adults aged 18–50 with central obesity and a minimum of one additional feature of MetS recruited from the local community with a recruitment target of 54. In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, three groups will receive either 20 or 40 stage three larvae of the human hookworm Necator americanus or a placebo. Eligible participants will provide blood and faecal samples at their baseline and 6-monthly assessment visits for a total of 24 months with an optional extension to 36 months. During each scheduled visit, participants will also undergo a full physical examination and complete diet (PREDIMED), physical activity, and patient health (PHQ-9) questionnaires. Outcome measurements include tolerability and safety of infection with Necator americanus, changes in metabolic and immunological parameters, and changes in the composition of the faecal microbiome. Discussion: Rising cost of healthcare associated with obesity-induced metabolic diseases urgently calls for new approaches in disease prevention. Findings from this trial will provide valuable information regarding the potential mechanisms by which hookworms, potentially via alterations in the microbiota, may positively influence metabolic health

Anterior Cervical Infection: Presentation and Incidence of an Uncommon Postoperative Complication.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective multi-institutional case series. OBJECTIVE: The anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) affords the surgeon the flexibility to treat a variety of cervical pathologies, with the majority being for degenerative and traumatic indications. Limited data in the literature describe the presentation and true incidence of postoperative surgical site infections. METHODS: A retrospective multicenter case series study was conducted involving 21 high-volume surgical centers from the AOSpine North America Clinical Research Network, selected for their excellence in spine care and clinical research infrastructure and experience. Medical records for 17 625 patients who received cervical spine surgery (levels from C2 to C7) between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2011, inclusive, were reviewed to identify the occurrence of 21 predefined treatment complications. Patients who underwent an ACDF were identified in the database and reviewed for the occurrence of postoperative anterior cervical infections. RESULTS: A total of 8887 patients were identified from a retrospective database analysis of 21 centers providing data for postoperative anterior cervical infections (17/21, 81% response rate). A total of 6 postoperative infections after ACDF were identified for a mean rate of 0.07% (range 0% to 0.39%). The mean age of patients identified was 57.5 (SD = 11.6, 66.7% female). The mean body mass index was 22.02. Of the total infections, half were smokers (n = 3). Two patients presented with myelopathy, and 3 patients presented with radiculopathic-type complaints. The mean length of stay was 4.7 days. All patients were treated aggressively with surgery for management of this complication, with improvement in all patients. There were no mortalities. CONCLUSION: The incidence of postoperative infection in ACDF is exceedingly low. The management has historically been urgent irrigation and debridement of the surgical site. However, due to the rarity of this occurrence, guidance for management is limited to retrospective series