The First Steps in Designing an SGML-Based Infrastructure for Document Handling

In this paper we present and discuss efforts to design an SGML-based infrastructure in an institutionalized work setting. The initial goal was to improve the “functionality” of documents in order to access, update, search, use and reuse, retrieve, present, exchange and distribute them independently of time and place and without loss of information. From a technical point of view, standardization is a prerequisite for success. In the pilot project presented in this paper, Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML, ISO 8879) is applied. However, the study has shown that writers experience standardization as a restricting factor in their work, and local flexibility is essential. In relation to SGML-based infrastructures, this has consequences for DTD design and for the selection of authoring tools. The study has also indicated that documents are artifacts that are integrated into practice, and this has to be taken into account in design of document technology

Ola Bratteli and his diagrams

This article discusses the life and work of Professor Ola Bratteli (1946--2015). Family, fellow students, his advisor, colleagues and coworkers review aspects of his life and his outstanding mathematical accomplishments.Comment: 18 pages, 15 figure

Physical activity is associated with a low prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the Royal Norwegian Navy: a cross sectional study

Background: Despite considerable knowledge about musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) and physical, psychosocial and individual risk factors there is limited knowledge about physical activity as a factor in preventing MSD. In addition, studies of physical activity are often limited to either leisure activity or physical activity at work. Studies among military personnel on the association between physical activity at work and at leisure and MSD are lacking. This study was conducted to find the prevalence of MSD among personnel in the Royal Norwegian Navy and to assess the association between physical activity at work and at leisure and MSD. Methods: A questionnaire about musculoskeletal disorders, physical activity and background data (employment status, age, gender, body mass index, smoking, education and physical stressors) was completed by 2265 workers (58%) 18 to 70 years old in the Royal Norwegian Navy. Multiple logistic regression with 95% confidence intervals was used to assess the relationship between physical activity and musculoskeletal disorders. Results: A total of 32% of the workers reported musculoskeletal disorders often or very often in one or more parts of the body in the past year. The most common musculoskeletal disorders were in the lower back (15% often or very often), shoulders (12% often or very often) and neck (11% often or very often). After adjustment for confounders, physical activity was inversely associated with musculoskeletal disorders for all body sites except elbows, knees and feet. Conclusion: The one-year prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among workers in the Royal Norwegian Navy was rather low. A physically active lifestyle both at work and at leisure was associated with fewer musculoskeletal disorders among personnel in the Royal Norwegian Navy. Prospective studies are necessary to confirm the cause and effect in this association

Extrinsic and intrinsic regulation of axon regeneration at a crossroads

Repair of the injured spinal cord is a major challenge in medicine. The limited intrinsic regenerative response mounted by adult central nervous system (CNS) neurons is further hampered by astrogliosis, myelin debris and scar tissue that characterize the damaged CNS. Improved axon regeneration and recovery can be elicited by targeting extrinsic factors as well as by boosting neuron-intrinsic growth regulators. Our knowledge of the molecular basis of intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of regeneration has expanded rapidly, resulting in promising new targets to promote repair. Intriguingly certain neuron-intrinsic growth regulators are emerging as promising targets to both stimulate growth and relieve extrinsic inhibition of regeneration. This crossroads between the intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of spinal cord injury is a promising target for effective therapies for this unmet need

Predicting the foraging patterns of wintering Auks using a sea surface temperature model for the Barents Sea

1. The conservation of seabirds is increasingly important for their role as indicator species of ocean ecosystems, which are predicted to experience increasing levels of exploitation this century. Safeguarding these ecosystems will require predictive, spatial studies of seabird foraging hotspots. Current research on seabird foraging hotspots has established a significant relationship between probability of presence and several environmental variables, including Sea Surface Temperature (SST). However, inter-annual, basin-wide variation has the potential to invalidate these models, which depend on seasonal mesoscale variability. 2. In this study, we present a novel solution to predict presence from spatially and temporally variable environmental predictors, while reducing the influence of large-scale basin-wide variation. We model the Maximum Entropy (MaxENT) Model-derived relationship between Standardized Monthly SST (StdSST) and Habitat Suitability using Gaussian curve models, and then apply these models to independent StdSST data to produce heatmaps of predicted seabird presence. 3. In this study, we demonstrate StdSST to be a functional environmental predictor of seabird presence, within a Gaussian curve model framework. We demonstrate accurate predictions of the model’s training data and of independent seabird presence data to a high degree of accuracy (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve > 0.65) for four species of Auk: Common Guillemots (Uria aalge), Razorbills (Alca torda), Atlantic Puffins (Fratercula arctica) and Brunnich’s Guillemots (Uria lomvia). 4. We believe that the methodology we have developed and tested in this study can be used to guide ecosystem management practices by converting coupled-climate model predictions into predictions of future presence based on Habitat Suitability for the species, allowing us to consider the possible effects of climate change and yearly variation of SST on foraging seabird hotspots in the Barents Sea Atlantic Puffin, Barents Sea, Brunnich’s Guillemot, Common Guillemot, ecological modelling, MaxENT, Razorbill, spatial ecologypublishedVersio

Contrast stress echocardiography in hypertensive heart disease

Hypertension is associated with atherosclerosis and cardiac and vascular structural and functional changes. Myocardial ischemia may arise in hypertension independent of coronary artery disease through an interaction between several pathophysiological mechanisms, including left ventricular hypertrophy, increased arterial stiffness and reduced coronary flow reserve associated with microvascular disease and endothelial dysfunction. The present case report demonstrates how contrast stress echocardiography can be used to diagnose myocardial ischemia in a hypertensive patient with angina pectoris but without significant obstructive coronary artery disease. The myocardial ischemia was due to severe resistant hypertension complicated with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and increased arterial stiffness

Predicting the foraging patterns of wintering Auks using a sea surface temperature model for the Barents Sea

1. The conservation of seabirds is increasingly important for their role as indicator species of ocean ecosystems, which are predicted to experience increasing levels of exploitation this century. Safeguarding these ecosystems will require predictive, spatial studies of seabird foraging hotspots. Current research on seabird foraging hotspots has established a significant relationship between probability of presence and several environmental variables, including Sea Surface Temperature (SST). However, inter-annual, basin-wide variation has the potential to invalidate these models, which depend on seasonal mesoscale variability. 2. In this study, we present a novel solution to predict presence from spatially and temporally variable environmental predictors, while reducing the influence of large-scale basin-wide variation. We model the Maximum Entropy (MaxENT) Model-derived relationship between Standardized Monthly SST (StdSST) and Habitat Suitability using Gaussian curve models, and then apply these models to independent StdSST data to produce heatmaps of predicted seabird presence. 3. In this study, we demonstrate StdSST to be a functional environmental predictor of seabird presence, within a Gaussian curve model framework. We demonstrate accurate predictions of the model’s training data and of independent seabird presence data to a high degree of accuracy (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve > 0.65) for four species of Auk: Common Guillemots (Uria aalge), Razorbills (Alca torda), Atlantic Puffins (Fratercula arctica) and Brunnich’s Guillemots (Uria lomvia). 4. We believe that the methodology we have developed and tested in this study can be used to guide ecosystem management practices by converting coupled-climate model predictions into predictions of future presence based on Habitat Suitability for the species, allowing us to consider the possible effects of climate change and yearly variation of SST on foraging seabird hotspots in the Barents Sea Atlantic Puffin, Barents Sea, Brunnich’s Guillemot, Common Guillemot, ecological modelling, MaxENT, Razorbill, spatial ecologypublishedVersio

Fatigue and Depression in Sick-Listed Chronic Low Back Pain Patients

Objective: The relationship between fatigue and pain has been investigated previously, but little is known about the prevalence of substantial fatigue in patients sick-listed for chronic low back pain (CLBP) and about how fatigue is associated with depression, pain, and long-term disability. The aims of the study were to examine the prevalence of substantial fatigue; associations between fatigue, depression, and pain; and whether fatigue predicted long-term disability. Methods: Five hundred sixty-nine patients participating in a randomized controlled trial and sick-listed 2–10 months for LBP were included in the study. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted to investigate the prevalence and independent associations between fatigue, depression, pain, and disability, while longitudinal analyses were done to investigate the association between fatigue and long-term disability. Results: The prevalence of substantial fatigue was 69.7%. Women reported significantly more fatigue than men (t = −3.6, df = 551; P < .001). Those with substantial fatigue had higher pain intensity (t = −3.3, df = 534; P = 0.01), more depressive symptoms (t = −10.9, df = 454; P < 0.001), and more disability (t = −7.6, df = 539; P < 0.001) than those without substantial fatigue. Musculoskeletal pain and depression were independently associated with substantial fatigue. In the longitudinal analyses, fatigue predicted long-term disability at 3, 6, and 12 months' follow-up. After pain and depression were controlled for, fatigue remained a significant predictor of disability at 6 months' follow-up. Conclusions: The vast majority of the sick-listed CLBP patients reported substantial fatigue. Those with substantial fatigue had more pain and depressive symptoms and a significant risk of reporting more disability at 3, 6, and 12 months. Substantial fatigue is disabling in itself but also involves a risk of developing chronic fatigue syndrome and long-term disability

Probing the Neural Correlates of Anticipated Peer Evaluation in Adolescence

Neural correlates of social cognition were assessed in 9-to-17-year-olds using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants appraised how unfamiliar peers they had previously identified as being of high or low interest would evaluate them for an anticipated online chat session. Differential age- and sex-related activation patterns emerged in several regions previously implicated in affective processing. These included the ventral striatum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and insula. In general, activation patterns shifted with age in older relative to younger females, but showed no association with age in males. Relating these neural response patterns to changes in adolescent social-cognition enriches theories of adolescent social development through enhanced neurobiological understanding of social behavior

En kvalitativ studie av hvordan toppledere forholder seg når #metoo blir tema i norsk samfunnsliv.

Masteroppgave i kunnskapsledelse (MKL) - Nord universitet 201