Distribution of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol in Milling Fractions from Fusarium-Infected Japanese Wheat Cultivars

Reprinted with permission from the Journal of Food Protection. Copyright held by the International Association for Food Protection, Des Moines, Iowa, U.S.A.The fate of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and nivalenol during the milling of Japanese wheat cultivars artificially infected with Fusarium was investigated. Grain samples with different mycotoxin concentrations were milled using a laboratory-scale test mill to produce eight fractions: three breaking flours (1B, 2B, and 3B), three reduction flours (1M. 2M, and 3M), wheat bran, and wheat shorts. Patent flour for human consumption was made from the I B, 2B, I M. and 2M flours, and low-grade flour was made from 3B and 3M flours. The four resulting samples (patent flour, low-grade flour, bran, and shorts) were analyzed for deoxynivalenol and/or nivalenol with an in-house validated analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV absorbance detection. In samples with different mycotoxin concentrations, the distribution of those toxins differed among the milling fractions. Grains with a lower level of contamination produced bran and shorts samples with a high relative concentration of nivalenol. A high percentage of nivalenol was found in patent flour, followed by bran. Contrary to the less-contaminated sample, the concentration of nivalenol in moderately contaminated grain was high only in the shorts sample. The highest percentage of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol was observed in the patent flour. The results of this study indicate that the distribution of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in milled Japanese wheat could be influenced by the contamination level of the original grain, and the milling process is not always effective for removal of toxins from wheat grains.ArticleJOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION. 73(10):1817-1823 (2010)journal articl

Nucleophilic substitution reaction of 1-methoxy-6-nitro-indole

金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科生理活性物質科学金沢大学薬学部Nucleophilic substitution reaction of 1-methoxy-6-nitroindole (1) was examined. In the reaction with sodium methoxide or sodium cyanide as a nucleophile, 2- and 3-methoxy-6-nitroindoles, and 7-cyano-6-nitroindole were obtained, respectively. A novel methylene homologation at the 3-position was found in the reaction of 1 with sodium methyl sulfide or potassium salt of diethyl malonate to give 3-methylthiomethytyl-6-nitroindole and its 2-methylthio derivative, and diethyl 2-(6-nitroindol-3-yl)methylmalonate, respectively. Possible reaction mechanism is discussed

Preparation of an In-House Reference Material Containing Fumonisins in Thai Rice and Matrix Extension of the Analytical Method for Japanese Rice

Mycotoxin contamination in rice is less reported, compared to that in wheat or maize, however, some Fusarium fungi occasionally infect rice in the paddy field. Fumonisins are mycotoxins mainly produced by Fusarium verticillioides, which often ruins maize. Rice adherent fungus Gibberella fujikuroi is taxonomically near to F. verticillioides, and there are sporadic reports of fumonisin contamination in rice from Asia, Europe and the United States. Therefore, there exists the potential risk of fumonisin contamination in rice as well as the need for the validated analytical method for fumonisins in rice. Although both natural and spiked reference materials are available for some Fusarium mycotoxins in matrices of wheat and maize, there are no reference materials for Fusarium mycotoxins in rice. In this study, we have developed a method for the preparation of a reference material containing fumonisins in Thai rice. A ShakeMaster grinding machine was used for the preparation of a mixed material of blank Thai rice and F. verticillioides-infected Thai rice. The homogeneity of the mixed material was confirmed by one-way analysis of variance, which led this material to serve as an in-house reference material. Using this reference material, several procedures to extract fumonisins from Thai rice were compared. Accordingly, we proved the applicability of an effective extraction procedure for the determination of fumonisins in Japanese rice

Distribution of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol in Milling Fractions from Fusarium-Infected Japanese Wheat Cultivars

Reprinted with permission from the Journal of Food Protection. Copyright held by the International Association for Food Protection, Des Moines, Iowa, U.S.A.The fate of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and nivalenol during the milling of Japanese wheat cultivars artificially infected with Fusarium was investigated. Grain samples with different mycotoxin concentrations were milled using a laboratory-scale test mill to produce eight fractions: three breaking flours (1B, 2B, and 3B), three reduction flours (1M. 2M, and 3M), wheat bran, and wheat shorts. Patent flour for human consumption was made from the I B, 2B, I M. and 2M flours, and low-grade flour was made from 3B and 3M flours. The four resulting samples (patent flour, low-grade flour, bran, and shorts) were analyzed for deoxynivalenol and/or nivalenol with an in-house validated analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV absorbance detection. In samples with different mycotoxin concentrations, the distribution of those toxins differed among the milling fractions. Grains with a lower level of contamination produced bran and shorts samples with a high relative concentration of nivalenol. A high percentage of nivalenol was found in patent flour, followed by bran. Contrary to the less-contaminated sample, the concentration of nivalenol in moderately contaminated grain was high only in the shorts sample. The highest percentage of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol was observed in the patent flour. The results of this study indicate that the distribution of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in milled Japanese wheat could be influenced by the contamination level of the original grain, and the milling process is not always effective for removal of toxins from wheat grains.ArticleJOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION. 73(10):1817-1823 (2010)journal articl

装具歩行時の床面引っ掛かりを改善させる為の靴底素材の工夫

脳血管障害などの中枢神経系疾患症例の多くは歩行する際、麻痺の為に麻痺側下肢遊脚相で足尖部が床面に引っ掛かり易い. 転倒しないように装具底や靴底の素材は特に滑りにくい素材を使用している為、引きずる際の摩擦はより大きい. このため、努力性の歩行を強いられ、不良な歩行姿勢や歩行パターンは更に不良となる事が多く、また易疲労である. 今回、足尖部が床面に引っ掛かる努力性歩行をしている2症例の靴底(装具底)の足尖部分を滑りやすい素材に変更したところ、歩行姿勢や歩行パターンが改善し、活動性の向上がみられたので報告する.When patients present with various central nervous system disorders, for example cerebral vascular disorder often walk in a manner where the distal foot is likely to drag on the floor on the diseased side when the patient is in mid stride. Any attempted walking results in a poor walking posture and gait pattern. In general, the material of shoe sole uses the do not accommodate an easy and smooth therapeutic walking rhythm. In this report it will be explained how therapeutic walking rhythms will be trained through the use of postural adjuncts inside the shoes. In addition to this, it will also be shown that better results ensue from choosing smoother walking materials to construct the tip of the shoe sole because this diminishes the possibility of interruptions to the walking rhythm by it catching on the ground. Result based on observation from sample of two

Hitomi (ASTRO-H) X-ray Astronomy Satellite

The Hitomi (ASTRO-H) mission is the sixth Japanese x-ray astronomy satellite developed by a large international collaboration, including Japan, USA, Canada, and Europe. The mission aimed to provide the highest energy resolution ever achieved at E  >  2  keV, using a microcalorimeter instrument, and to cover a wide energy range spanning four decades in energy from soft x-rays to gamma rays. After a successful launch on February 17, 2016, the spacecraft lost its function on March 26, 2016, but the commissioning phase for about a month provided valuable information on the onboard instruments and the spacecraft system, including astrophysical results obtained from first light observations. The paper describes the Hitomi (ASTRO-H) mission, its capabilities, the initial operation, and the instruments/spacecraft performances confirmed during the commissioning operations for about a month

上部体幹前傾に伴う絶対座標上の肩甲骨アライメントについて : 肩甲骨面上での肩甲骨下方回旋に着目して

上肢拳上に伴う肩甲骨の運動には種々の報告があり、その中でもCodmanの肩甲上腕リズム(scapulo-humeral rhythm)はよく知られる. 肩甲骨は胸郭表面に位置するため、絶対座標上の肩甲骨アライメントは体幹肢位に影響を受ける. この肩甲骨アライメントの変化は肩甲骨と上腕の相対的関節角度にも影響を与える. それは烏口上腕靱帯や関節上腕靱帯による肩甲上腕関節の支持性にも影響を及ぼすことになり、肩甲上腕関節の支持性の減少は肩関節痛や肩関節周囲炎に関係することが考えられる. それにも拘わらず体幹肢位と肩甲骨アライメントの関係を明らかにした報告は見当たらない. 本研究の目的は、体幹肢位が絶対座標上の肩甲骨アライメントに与える影響を明らかにし、肩関節痛や肩関節周囲炎に関係すると考えられる肩甲上腕関節の支持性の変化を解明する基礎研究とすることである. 体幹肢位と肩甲骨アライメントの関係を測定するために、チルトテーブル上で腹臥位を取らせた被験者の上肢をチルトテーブル端より下垂させ、更にチルトテーブル角度を変化させることにより上部体幹に傾斜を与えた. それらの肢位における絶対座標上の肩甲骨アライメントを、ビデオ式三次元動作解析装置ToMoCo-VM(東総システム社製)を用いて計測した. その結果、肩甲骨面上における肩甲骨下方回旋角度は体幹垂直位に比較して、体幹10°前傾位では0.69±4.98°、体幹20°前傾位では5.44±5.16°、体幹30°前傾位では11.74±5.42°、体幹40°前傾位では16.70±5.31°、体幹50°前傾位では22.03±5.19°であり、上部体幹前傾角度の増加に従い、肩甲骨は絶対座標上で下方回旋方向へとアライメントを変化させることが示唆された. また、上部体幹前傾姿勢により生じた絶対座標上の肩甲骨下方回旋は、関節包外側部や烏口上腕靱帯の支持を減少させる可能性も考えられた.Codman\u27s "scapulo-humeral rhythm" is well known amongst the various reports on scapular movement accompanying arm elevation. At the same time, alignment of the scapula on absolute coordinates is effected by trunk posture, as the scapula is located on the thoracic surface. The trunk often assumes a flexed position in a comfortable seated posture, at which time the scapula abducts along the posterior surface of the thorax and takes a position of upward rotation on the thorax. However, because the thorax is in a position of forward inclination in a seated position where the trunk is flexed, the scapula takes a position of downward rotation on the absolute coordinates. Downward rotation of the scapula where the upper limbs are hanging down is the same as in the glenohumeral joint abduction of the laterally elevated upper arm and it is also possible to decrease the support of the joint with the coracohumeral ligament and glenohumeral ligament. Despite this kind of scapula alignment often being observed, no reports can be found that clarify the relationship between trunk posture and scapula alignment. The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect that the anterior inclination of the upper trunk in a comfortable seated position has on the alignment of the scapula on absolute coordinates. When reproducing these limb positions, the upper limbs of the subjects made to take a prone position on a tilt table were hung down over the edge of the table and the upper trunk was given inclination by varying the angle of the table. Alignment of the scapula on absolute coordinates in the reproduced limb positions was measured using ToMoCo-VM 3D video motion analysis equipment (manufactured by Tousou Systems Co.,Ltd). The degree of downward scapula rotation on the scapular plane in the subjects was compared to their vertical trunk position and was 0.69±4.98°at a trunk anterior inclination of 10°, 5.44±5.16°at a trunk anterior inclination of 20°, 11.74±5.42°at a trunk anterior inclination of 30°, 16.70±5.31°at a trunk anterior inclination of 40°and 22.03±5.19°at a trunk anterior inclination of 50°. These results suggest that the scapular alignment on absolute coordinates changed in the direction of downward rotation along with an increase in the angle of upper trunk anterior inclination. Furthermore, it is thought that downward rotation of the scapula brought about by trunk flexion in a comfortable seated position can possibly decrease support of the glenohumeral joint in the lateral joint capsule and coracohumeral ligament

短期間の理学療法評価臨床実習の実態調査

理学療法士を養成する大学で実施される短期間の理学療法評価臨床実習の実態を明らかにすることを目的に、3年次大学生を対象にアンケート調査を実施した. 実習で学生が担当した症例の約80%が典型的な運動器疾患であり、約87%の学生が実習開始3日目以内に理学療法評価を開始していた. 1日の検査測定実施時間は約40分、治療実施時間は約17分、見学の時間は約340分であった. 帰宅後、デイリーノートや課題に費やす時間は約4時間、睡眠時間は約3時間であった. 以上より、実習期間が短いことと、初めての臨床実習であることを考慮し、計画的に実習が進行されていたと考えられた. その一方、見学や課題レポート作成の時間に比べて、評価・治療実施時間が極めて短いことがわかったが、現行の診療報酬制度下による病院運営の観点から、実習生に評価・治療体験のための時間を増加することは困難であると推測される. 効果的な理学療法実習を実現するための臨床実習体制の提案が必要である.The aim of this study was to investigate the actual situation of the clinical internship of physical therapy evaluation in 3 weeks. The inventory survey was conducted for the third grader student belonging to the university which trains a physical therapist. Approximately 80% of disease of the case of what student was in charge were the patients after a typical fracture. Approximately 87% of students started a physical therapy evaluation within third day. The time of evaluation was approximately 40 minutes, the time of therapy was approximately 17 minutes and the time of study by observation was 340 minutes per one day. Approximately 4 hours were spent for homework and the time of sleep was approximately 3 hours per day. Thus, in consideration of very short period of the clinical internship of physical therapy evaluation, the internship could be premeditatedly conducted by supervisor. On the other hand, it was found that the time of evaluation and therapy was extremely shorter than the time of study by observation and homework. From the viewpoint of hospital management under current fee-for-service system, it could be difficult to make a time to evaluation and therapy by student. The new proposal of the clinical internship of physical therapy system for effective training is necessary