Ant Colony Optimization Using Common Social Information and Self-Memory

Ant colony optimization (ACO), which is one of the metaheuristics imitating real ant foraging behavior, is an effective method to ?nd a solution for the traveling salesman problem (TSP). The rank-based ant system (AS(rank)) has been proposed as a developed version of the fundamental model AS of ACO. In the AS(rank), since only ant agents that have found one of some excellent solutions are let to regulate the pheromone, the pheromone concentrates on a specific route. As a result, although the AS(rank) can find a relatively good solution in a short time, it has the disadvantage of being prone falling into a local solution because the pheromone concentrates on a specific route. This problem seems to come from the loss of diversity in route selection according to the rapid accumulation of pheromones to the specific routes. Some ACO models, not just the AS(rank), also suffer from this problem of loss of diversity in route selection. It can be considered that the diversity of solutions as well as the selection of solutions is an important factor in the solution system by swarm intelligence such as ACO. In this paper, to solve this problem, we introduce the ant system using individual memories (ASIM) aiming to improve the ability to solve TSP while maintaining the diversity of the behavior of each ant. We apply the existing ACO algorithms and ASIM to some TSP benchmarks and compare the ability to solve TSP

Who Is the Declarant of the English Translation of the Defendant's Out-of-Court Foreign Language Statement? An "Authenticated Conduit Theory"

This thesis contends that the declarant of the English-language translation of an LEP suspect’s out-of-court testimony “must” become no one else but the suspect, not by making the interpreter the suspect’s “agent” through the application of FRE 801(d)(2)(C) or (D), but by ensuring that every interpreter passes muster as a true “language conduit” to enable the application of FRE 801(d)(2)(A). The “agent-and-conduit interpreter” theory is a dominant U.S. case law that has dealt with the hearsay issue of an interpreter-assisted extrajudicial testimonial statement. To enable the application of “a party opponent’s vicarious admission” stipulated by FRE 801(d)(2)(C) or (D), the theory claims that when two parties begin an interpreter-assisted conversation, the interpreter becomes a “dual agent” for both parties, who presume that the interpreter is acting as a language “conduit” with prima facie accurate translations. This hybrid legal theory of the traditional agency law and a 20th-century legal fiction about a foreign-language interpreter, however, embodies critical logic dilemmas, especially faced with the renewed Confrontation Clause challenge from Crawford. The thesis, comprising two main research results: a legal research and a forensic-linguistic research, calls for a complete overhaul of the “agent-and-conduit” theory used for the application of FRE 801(d)(2)(C) or (D), by maintaining that it be replaced by a new implementation of the 21st-century-style “authenticated conduit” measure that will enable the application of FRE 801(d)(2)(A) instead. In Part I: Legal Research, the thesis demonstrates that no “agency relationship” takes place between the suspect and the interpreter in a police interview for the reason that the suspect neither consents to it nor controls the interpreter. The thesis further argues that imposition on the suspect of any such consent to an assumed agency relationship with an interpreter will violate the suspect’s “non-waivable” Fifth Amendment due process right against “potential verballing.” The thesis then advocates a realization of a “true conduit” that will enable the application of FRE 801(d)(2)(A), by exerting 21st-century technological and intellectual resources that are becoming increasingly advanced, accessible, and available. Also, to attest to the adequacy of attaining a “true conduit,” the thesis demonstrates that the “true conduit” notion is also in harmony with the doctrine of the copyright law on the protectible elements of the original copyright that continue to exist in its translation. To achieve the “true conduit,” the thesis calls for mandatory introduction of video recording of interpreter-assisted custodial police interviews and mandatory authentication of the interpreter’s translation accuracy by a certified court interpreter who will also act as an expert witness. Part II: Forensic-Linguistic Research is an empirical substantiation for Part I, in the form of an action-study analysis, using an authentic recording of a custodial police interview with a Dari interpreter. The thesis demonstrates that though there are certain ways, such as turn-taking cycles, rendition and pause time comparisons, monolingual extra round-trips, etc., by which monolingual parties (the police and the suspect) in a police interview can assess the interpreter’s accuracy and reliability, there is a maximum limit to such indirect accuracy confirmation without a complete check-translation. The research empirically demonstrates that an authenticated check translation is absolutely crucial for fact-triers’ determination of the interpreting accuracy and impartiality, a result that strongly supports not only the introduction of digital recording but also mandatory production of an authenticated complete transcript of such check translation

Evolutionary phases of gas-rich galaxies in a galaxy cluster at z=1.46

We report a survey of molecular gas in galaxies in the XMMXCS J2215.9-1738 cluster at $z=1.46$. We have detected emission lines from 17 galaxies within a radius of $R_{200}$ from the cluster center, in Band 3 data of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) with a coverage of 93 -- 95 GHz in frequency and 2.33 arcmin$^2$ in spatial direction. The lines are all identified as CO $J$=2--1 emission lines from cluster members at $z\sim1.46$ by their redshifts and the colors of their optical and near-infrared (NIR) counterparts. The line luminosities reach down to $L'_{\rm CO(2-1)}=4.5\times10^{9}$ K km s$^{-1}$ pc$^2$. The spatial distribution of galaxies with a detection of CO(2--1) suggests that they disappear from the very center of the cluster. The phase-space diagram showing relative velocity versus cluster-centric distance indicates that the gas-rich galaxies have entered the cluster more recently than the gas-poor star-forming galaxies and passive galaxies located in the virialized region of this cluster. The results imply that the galaxies have experienced ram-pressure stripping and/or strangulation during the course of infall towards the cluster center and then the molecular gas in the galaxies at the cluster center is depleted by star formation.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in the ApJ Letter

Long-duration nano-second single pulse lasers for observation of spectra from bulk liquids at high hydrostatic pressures

AbstractThe influence of laser pulse duration on the spectral emissions observed from bulk ionic solutions has been investigated for hydrostatic pressures between 0.1 and 30MPa. Transient pressure, shadowgraph imaging and spectroscopic measurements were performed for single pulses of duration 20 and 150ns. The transient pressure measurements show that for hydrostatic pressures up to 30MPa, propagation of the high-pressure shockwave generated by the focused laser causes the local pressure to reduce below ambient levels during the time frame that spectroscopic measurements can be made. The pressure impulse and subsequent reduction in pressure are larger, with the latter lasting longer for the 150ns pulse compared to a 20ns pulse of the same energy. The 150ns pulse generates larger cavities with significant enhancement of the spectral emissions observed compared to the 20ns duration pulse for pressures up to 30MPa. The results demonstrate that laser-induced breakdown using a long ns duration pulse offers an advantage over conventional, short ns duration pulses for the analysis of bulk ionic solutions at hydrostatic pressures between 0.1 and 30MPa

ダウン症候群児の咀嚼機能獲得に関連する要因の検討

Down syndrome (DS) has the highest prevalence of any chromosomal abnormality identified in newborns. DS children have specific eating and swallowing difficulties such as poor tongue control, mouth opening, swallowing food without chewing, and both facial and occlusal abnormalities. DS children are also at high risk of aspiration, and swallowing food without chewing is considered to be a factor associated with increased risk of aspiration and eating problems. This study aimed to identify factors preventing the acquisition of masticatory function in DS children. The subjects were 75 outpatient DS children (44 males, age range 12 to 36 month-old, mean age 33.0 ± 7.0 month­-old; 31 females, age 12 to 36 month-old, mean age 20.8 ± 8.0 month-old), who had not yet acquired masticatory function, out of 319 who visited the clinic between October 2012 and October 2017. The information necessary for assessment was retrospectively extracted from the medical records of the subjects. The items examined included age, birth weight, nutritional intake, picky eating, tactile hyperesthesia, cognitive development assessed by Ohta stage, gross motor function, occlusal condition by Hellman's dental age, and tongue thrust/lip closure/mastication while eating. The relationships between the acquisition of masticatory function and these items were investigated after one year of rehabilitation. The revealed age, low birth weight, picky eating, and gross motor function to be relevant factors. Among these, gross motor function was found to be the factor most strongly associated with acquisition of masticatory function