Burnout and Adverse Outcomes in Athletic Training Students: Why All Healthcare Educators Should Be Concerned

Background: Burnout is linked to various adverse outcomes (i.e., thoughts of dropout, depression, unprofessional behaviors) in healthcare students (i.e., nursing students, medical students). However, potential adverse outcomes associated with burnout in athletic training students, a subset of healthcare students, have yet to be identified. Objective: To adapt a previously tested theoretical model to explore relationships between student workload, burnout, and potential adverse outcomes in a sample of graduate athletic training students. Methods: An online survey assessing the variables of interest and study information was sent to program directors of graduate-level athletic training programs at their publicly accessible email addresses with a request to forward the opportunity to their students. This was a nationwide sample of graduate athletic training students with 320 graduate athletic training students completing the survey. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling was used in our analysis. Results: Structural equation modeling confirmed that our hypothesized model successfully described relationships between academic workload, burnout, and adverse outcomes in athletic training students. Specifically, academic workload predicted burnout, and burnout in turn predicted various adverse outcomes (i.e., thoughts of dropout, depression, unprofessional behaviors) in athletic training students. Educators should be aware of the potential adverse outcomes identified in this sample of athletic training students that have also been reported in other healthcare students. Conclusions: Methods to combat symptoms of burnout to enhance student well-being and avoid potential adverse outcomes should be identified. Future research should use the adapted theoretical model discussed in this article within other healthcare students\u27 samples to understand further the complex network of relationships between academic workload, burnout, and adverse outcomes in the educational environment

Parentification in Polish Adolescents: a Prevalence Study

This study investigated the prevalence of parentification in a nationwide cross-sectional study. There were N = 47,984 Polish adolescents aged 12–21 (M = 15.60; SD = 1.98; female 52.7%, male 47.3%). The results indicated that more adolescents experienced emotional parentification (toward parents 35.9%; toward siblings 25.2%) as compared to instrumental parentification (toward parents 7.2%; toward siblings 15.5%), which is noteworthy, since emotional parentification is the most detrimental form of parentification in USA samples. Overall, 15.5% of the participants reported a sense of injustice related to their family caregiving roles and 61.2% reported satisfaction related to their family caregiving roles. The results are important given the dearth of prevalence studies

The Effect of Fish Oil Supplementation on Resistance Training-induced Adaptations

Background: Resistance exercise training (RET) is a common and well-established method to induce hypertrophy and improvement in strength. Interestingly, fish oil supplementation (FOS) may aug-ment RET-induced adaptations. However, few studies have been conducted on young, healthy adults. Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled design was used to determine the effect of FOS, a concentrated source of eicosapen-taenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), compared to placebo (PL) on RET-induced adaptations following a 10-week RET program (3 days·week−1). Body composition was measured by dual- energy x-ray absorptiometry (LBM, fat mass [FM], percent body fat [%BF]) and strength was measured by 1-repetition maximum bar-bell back squat (1RMSQT) and bench press (1RMBP) at PRE (week 0) and POST (10 weeks). Supplement compliance was assessed via self-report and bottle collection every two weeks and via fatty acid dried blood spot collection at PRE and POST. An a priori α- level of 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance and Cohen’s d was used to quantify effect sizes (ES). Results: Twenty-one of 28 male and female participants (FOS, n = 10 [4 withdrawals]; PL, n = 11 [3 withdrawals]) completed the 10- week progressive RET program and PRE/POST measurements. After 10-weeks, blood EPA+DHA substantially increased in the FOS group (+109.7%, p\u3c .001) and did not change in the PL group (+1.3%, p = .938). Similar between-group changes in LBM (FOS: +3.4%, PL: +2.4%, p = .457), FM (FOS: −5.2%, PL: 0.0%, p = .092), and %BF (FOS: −5.9%, PL: −2.5%, p = .136) were observed, although, the between- group ES was considered large for FM (d = 0.84). Absolute and relative (kg·kg [body mass]−1) 1RMBP was significantly higher in the FOS group compared to PL (FOS: +17.7% vs. PL: +9.7%, p = .047; FOS: +17.6% vs. PL: +7.3%, p = .011; respectively), whereas absolute 1RMSQT was similar between conditions (FOS: +28.8% vs. PL: +20.5%, p = .191). Relative 1RMSQT was higher in the FOS group (FOS: +29.3% vs. PL: +17.9%, p = .045). Conclusions: When combined with RET, FOS improves absolute and relative 1RM upper-body and relative 1RM lower-body strength to a greater extent than that observed in the PL group of young, recreationally trained adults

Biallelic loss-of-function variants in PLD1 cause congenital right-sided cardiac valve defects and neonatal cardiomyopathy

Congenital heart disease is the most common type of birth defect, accounting for one-third of all congenital anomalies. Using whole-exome sequencing of 2718 patients with congenital heart disease and a search in GeneMatcher, we identified 30 patients from 21 unrelated families of different ancestries with biallelic phospholipase D1 (PLD1) variants who presented predominantly with congenital cardiac valve defects. We also associated recessive PLD1 variants with isolated neonatal cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, we established that p.I668F is a founder variant among Ashkenazi Jews (allele frequency of ~2%) and describe the phenotypic spectrum of PLD1-associated congenital heart defects. PLD1 missense variants were overrepresented in regions of the protein critical for catalytic activity, and, correspondingly, we observed a strong reduction in enzymatic activity for most of the mutant proteins in an enzymatic assay. Finally, we demonstrate that PLD1 inhibition decreased endothelial-mesenchymal transition, an established pivotal early step in valvulogenesis. In conclusion, our study provides a more detailed understanding of disease mechanisms and phenotypic expression associated with PLD1 loss of function

Studying Developmental Growth with Multilevel Models for Linear and Categorical Change

Methods for longitudinal modeling help gain insight into developmental processes. However, different modeling approaches allow for unique perspectives on developmental processes. We explored the development of depression using (1) multilevel growth modeling (ML-GM) and (2) multilevel latent transition analysis (ML-LTA) which conceptualize change over time in differently. ML-GM focuses on individual trajectories while ML-LTA identifies transitions through stages of depression. We used a subset of the public-use dataset, National Longitudinal Survey Youth (’97), for didactic use. Our talk and paper will focus on describing what inferences can be drawn using these different conceptual approache

Adolescent Development as a Determinant of Family Cohesion: A Longitudinal Analysis of Adolescents in the Mobile Youth Survey

Previous research has demonstrated the effect of family cohesion on adolescent outcomes. However, little attention has been given to the effect of adolescence on the family environment. Family systems theory suggests that as adolescents develop, their development will impact the family environment. The current study examined the impact of adolescent development on family cohesion. Specifically, 4 years of data from the Mobile Youth Survey, a study of adolescents living in low-income neighborhoods in Mobile, Alabama, were analyzed. Survey participants were between the ages 13 and 16 and 97 % of them were Black American. Adolescent development was measured using three dimensions—identity style, self-worth, and hopelessness. Family cohesion was measured along two dimensions: maternal and paternal warmth. Adolescent gender was used as a covariate. The longitudinal models revealed that parents responded differently to identity styles and to levels of self-worth depending upon the adolescent’s gender. Our study provides evidence that family cohesion, a key predictor of adolescent behaviors, changes in response to adolescent development

Muscle bilateral electromyographical activity in unilateral transfemoral amputees a case study

Microprocessor-controlled prosthetics knees are highly developed and allow above-knee amputees to perform daily tasks as well as able-bodied. However, microprocessor-controlled prosthetics are not financially practical for all. Very few investigations have focused on un-powered mechanical prosthetics for above-knee amputees when it comes to comparing the bilateral muscle activity. Surface electromyographical (EMG) was used to measure the muscle activity of 8 different muscles on both amputated and non-amputated sides while completing 5 daily routine tasks in one participant with a unilateral transfemoral amputation who used a mechanical prosthetic knee. After averaging each muscle for all the tests, the results indicated that the leg muscles on the amputated side averaged 34% lower mean EMG microvolts than the non-amputated side. The gluteus medius, lumbo-sacral erector spinae and external oblique muscles on the amputated side had higher mean microvolts than the non-amputated side (20%,6%, 9%) possibly trying to compensate for the weaker muscles in the amputated leg. The pectoralis major, gluteus maximus and rectus abdominis showed no major lateral muscular imbalance (2%, 2%, 2%). (Published By University of Alabama Libraries