Chemical and mineral composition of furnace slags produced in the combustion process of hard coal

Presented are the results of the examination of the chemical and mineral composition as well as iron compounds in furnace hearth slags coming into existence after the burning of hard coal. The samples of furnace hearth slags from heat and power plant and the hearths of the individual home furnaces fitted out with grate firings were compared. The examination methods like X-ray diffraction (XRD) with powder method, Mössbauer spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and ICP analysis were used. The main components of furnace hearth slags are SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3. On the basis of the X-ray diffraction, it was found that the domination components of furnace hearth slags are mullite and quartz. Furnace hearth slags are different as for the content of the concentration of toxic elements (Cd, Cr, Ni, Tl, Pb, Zn, As, Ba and Cu) and Fe

WŁASNOŚĆ W PRAWIE I EKONOMII - PRZYPADEK "PRAWA ŚNIEGU"

Despite the recognised absolute character of proprietorship one has to take into consideration certain restraints resulting from contracts or rules of law. An example of this might be "snow-law", that functions in, for example, Switzerland or Austria. These countries permit to use third party real estate for the common good. From the point of view of the economics and the law it seems necessary to regulate the issue of using third party real estates in mountainous areas during the winter. The presented paper is an attempt to judge such an issue and present certain possible solutions from the point of view of the law and economics.Ekonomiczna analiza praw własności jest względnie nowym sposobem badania problemów własności. O wiele starsze, z zarazem szersze podjecie reprezentowane jest przez nauki prawnicze oraz filozofię. Większą część ekonomicznych analiz własności jest pośrednio lub bezpośrednio związana z omówionym wyżej teorematem Coase'a, którego znaczenie jest nie do przecenienia. Prostota tego stwierdzenia pozwala na szeroką jego aplikację, co uczyniono również w powyższym artykule. Problemem, który rozważano, było tzw. "prawo śniegu" - kontrowersyjna propozycja Ligi Polskich Rodzin dotycząca prawnego uregulowania użytkowania nieruchomości w czasie zimy. Jak wykazano w artykule na gruncie prawa propozycja ta jest nie do odrobienia

Mössbauer spectroscopy study in characterization of steel production dusts

Steel production involves processes and alloys based on iron. Metallurgy is one of the most energy-intensive branches of industry and it also generates a lot of damage. The aim of the research was to recognize magnetic properties, mineral composition, and phase content of dusts from a de-dusting station, steel mill, sinter strand and filter press located in a steel metallurgical foundry in Upper Silesia, the most urbanized, industrialized and also the most polluted region of Poland. The following methods were applied: X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and the Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements

Visualization of the medical imaging data in 3D space using portable format

Medical imaging is a set of specific examination procedures taking advantage of physical effects for determination of changes that occurred in patient’s body. It’s a domain of biomedical engineering to define the methods of acquiring, analyzing and visualizing medical images in the way useful for diagnostic, therapeutic, educational or research purposes. This work describes an effective method of automatic creation of 3D objects from the DICOM images. At the beginning DICOM images are read. Then tissues are segmented with a simple thresholding algorithm and filtered. After filtering preliminary 3D model is created. Afterwards obtained geometry is smoothed and decimated to relax the model and reduce the size of data. Such prepared model is embedded into PDF file with use of additional scripts. As the result of this work software called DICOM2PDF3D, combining described above stages of building 3D model in a single procedure, was developed. With use of 3D PDF additional measurements of created geometry were made. Measurements confirmed values obtained from standard preoperative evaluation. The presented solution allows creating and opening three-dimensional visualizations on every desktop computer even by inexperienced users. Created 3D PDF can be used for preoperative evaluation as an assistance for standard procedures

Impact of high temperatures on aluminoceladonite studied by Mössbauer, Raman, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Mössbauer, Raman, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies were used to examine the effects of temperature on the structure of two aluminoceladonite samples. The process of oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ ions started at about 350 °C for the sample richer in Al and at 300 °C for the sample somewhat lower Al-content. Mössbauer results show that this process may be associated with dehydroxylation or even initiate it. The first stage of dehydroxylation takes place at a temperature > 350 °C when the adjacent OH groups are replaced with a single residual oxygen atom. Up to ~500 °C, Fe ions do not migrate from cis-octahedra to trans-octahedra sites, but the coordination number of polyhedra changes from six to five. This temperature can be treated as the second stage of dehydroxylation. The temperature dependence on the integral intensity ratio between bands centered at ~590 and 705 cm−1 (I590/I705) clearly reflects the temperature at which six-coordinated polyhedra are transformed into five-coordinated polyhedra. X-ray photoelectron spectra obtained in the region of the Si2p, Al2p, Fe2p, K2p and O1s core levels, highlighted a route to identify the position of Si, Al, K and Fe cations in a structure of layered silicates with temperature. All the measurements show that the sample with a higher aluminum content and a lower iron content in octahedral sites starts to undergo a structural reorganization at a relatively higher temperature than the less aluminum-rich sample does. This suggests that iron may perform an important role in the initiation of the dehydroxylation of aluminoceladonites

Porous Selective Laser Melted Ti and Ti6Al4V Materials for Medical Applications

This chapter characterises scaffolds manufactured in line with the make-to-order concept according to individual needs of each patient. The clinical data acquired from a patient during computer tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance or using traditional plaster casts is converted by a computer into a virtual solid model of a patient’s loss. The model, through the multiplication of a unit cell, is converted into a porous model on the basis of which an actual object is manufactured with the method of selective laser melting (SLM) from Ti/Ti6Al4V powders. The created scaffold is characterised by good mechanical properties, which is confirmed by the results of the performed tensile and compressive strength tests. The material is additionally subjected to surface treatment consisting of the deposition of atomic layers of titanium dioxide with nanometric thickness

Mineralogical and Chemical Specificity of Dusts Originating from Iron and Non-Ferrous Metallurgy in the Light of Their Magnetic Susceptibility

This study aims at detailed characteristics and comparison between dusts from various iron and non-ferrous metal production processes in order to identify individual mineral phases, chemical composition, and their influence on the values of magnetic susceptibility. Various analytical methods used include inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy integrated with magnetic susceptibility measurements and thermomagnetic analysis. Metallurgical wastes that have arisen at different production stages of iron and non-ferrous steel are subjected to investigation. The analyzed dust samples from the iron and non-ferrous metallurgy differ in terms of magnetic susceptibility as well as their mineral and chemical composition. The research confirmed the presence of many very different mineral phases. In particular, interesting phases have been observed in non-ferrous dust, for example challacolloite, which was found for the first time in the dusts of non-ferrous metallurgy. Other characteristic minerals found in non-ferrous metallurgy dusts are zincite, anglesite, and lanarkite, while dusts of iron metallurgy contain mostly metallic iron and iron-bearing minerals (magnetite, hematite, franklinite, jacobsite, and wüstite), but also significant amounts of zincite and calcite

Methods of sampling

With the financial support of Internal Security Fund Police Programme European Commission Directorate General Home Affairs. This project has been founded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein

Konteksty wychowania i edukacji a kształcenie nauczycieli w rzeczywistości ponowoczesnej

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