Income Inequality and Income Mobility in the Scandinavian Countries Compared to the United States

This paper compares income inequality and income mobility in the Scandinavian countries and the United States during the 1980s. The results demonstrate that inequality is greater in the United states than in the Scandinavian countries and that the ranking of countries with respect to inequality remains unchanged when the accounting period of income is extended from one to 11 years. The pattern of mobility turns out to be remarkably similar despite major differences in labor market and social policies between the Scandinavian countries and the United States.Income distribution; earnings mobility

FMI for Co-Simulation of Embedded Control Software

Increased complexity of cyber-physical systems within the maritime industry demands closer cooperation be-tween engineering disciplines. The functional mockup interface (FMI) is an initiative aiding cross-discipline in-teraction by providing, a widely accepted, standard for model exchange and co-simulation. The standard is sup-ported by a number of modelling tools. However, to im-plement it on an existing platform requires adaptation. This paper investigates how to adapt the software of an embedded control system to comply with the FMI for co-simulation standard. In particular, we suggest a way of advancing the clock of a real time operating system (RTOS), by overwriting the idle thread and waiting for a signal to start execution until return to idle. This ap-proach ensures a deterministic and temporal execution of the simulation across multiple nodes. As proof of concept, a co-simulation is conducted, showing that the control system of an SCR (selective catalyst reduction) emission reduction system can be packed in a functional mockup unit (FMU) and co-simulated with a physical model, built in Ptolemy II. Results show that FMI can be used for co-simulation of an embedded SCR control soft-ware and for control software development