Depth Profiling of Multilayer Mo/Si Nanostructures

A round-robin characterization is reported on the sputter depth profiling of [60(3.0 nm Mo/ 0.3 nm B4C/ 3.7 nm Si)] and [60 (3.5 nm Mo/ 3.5 nm Si)] stacks deposited on Si (111). Two different commercial secondary ion mass spectrometers with time-of-flight and magnetic-sector analyzers and a pulsed radio frequency glow discharge optical emission spectrometer were used. The pros and cons of each instrumental approach are discussed. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3526

An Outline of TORFL (Test of Russian as a Foreign Language) and its Problems

ロシア連邦教育科学省認定「外国語としてのロシア語検定試験（Тестирование порусскому языку как иностранному ： ТРКИ）」は， 既に15年間実施されている． 通常，テストというものはある理念（策定の動機）に基づいて，ある目的のために，さらに具体的な状況に見合った形で作成される．したがって，テストの利点と欠点，有効性は，テストの目的がどの程度達成されたかで判断する必要がある．　6レベルからなるТРКИの初級レベルの根拠として主張されるのは，外国語としてのロシア語教育スタンダードである．スタンダードを教育実施の中核に取り込むのは，評価・テステイングの活性化を推進するために重要である．「スタンダード」の能力評価基準によって作成されたТРКИは，ある種のスタンダードとしての機能を果たして，標準テストとなっている．　言語教育における「スタンダード」とは何かについてまだ共通理解があるわけではない．平高史也の定義を借りると「当該言語の教育や普及に関する一定の目的や理念とともに，その言語の教育の環境をデザインするのに必要なある種の枠組みないしは目安を提供するものである」．　ТРКИの初級レベルのテストは，実際にテストの作成者が公表したものより高度で，より難しいものであるという疑問がある．初級レベルのテストの99年版と比べて04年版における語彙レベルは高くなっており， 語彙量かなり増え， 難易度が上がっている．　このような事情の原因は『スタンダード』の定義にあると思う．本論文のはじめに触れたように，『スタンダード』の定義は「当該言語の教育や普及に関する一定の目的や理念」を含む．しかし，引用したТРКИの策定の動機や目的の中に教育改善の記述があるが，ロシア語の普及に関する記述がない．このような理論的な立場は重大な結果をもたらす．すなわち，ロシアの教育科学省はТРКИの中に高いレベルに注意を集中している．日本だけではなく， ロシア国外全般的にロシア語教育で学習者の圧倒的な数を出す一般学校と大学での非専攻課程で適用の一番高い可能性を持つТРКИ初級レベルの立場は法律的に確立されていない．　全体として見ると，ТРКИの初級レベルのテストは完全にコミュニカティブテストではないが，コミュニケーション言語運用能力と言語構造能力の内容を十分に測定している．テストは，授業活動で学習するすべての技能を測定するのでかなり高い妥当性を持っていると言える． テスト作成者は，言語の基礎である文法と語彙内容をチェックするためにコミュニカティブではない，伝統的な多肢選択肢の文法･語彙力の下位テストを導入しているが，04年版では「文法･語彙力」テストも，よりコミュニカティブな課題となるような工夫がなされている．　「読解力」テストの04年版は，まだ完全にコミュニカティブテストにはなっていないが，よりオーセンティシティーが高いテストとなった．　「聴解力」テストの04年版の内容は明らかにコミュニカティブ･テスティングの目的により良くマッチしている．　「作文力」テストの04年版は，読解力の能力が関係しなくなったのでテストの妥当性が上がった．　「口頭発表力」テストは面談形式の会話の形で実施され，高い妥当性を持つと言える．採点は，「分析的採点」の方式で行われるので信頼性が高い．テストの管理者は，採点者に対する試験官間の信頼性を保つために，大きな注意を払っている．99年版テストにおける，妥当性の観点からみた難点は04年版では改善されている．採点において，評価対象能力以外のものが測定されるといった点はなくなり，テスト時間も短縮され，より簡便になった．　全体的には，04年版はコミュニカティブ･テスティングにより相応しいテストであると結論することができるであろう．平成23～26(2011～2014）年度科学研究費補助金採択課題研究成果報告論集　基盤研究（C）23520714ロシア語教育の新展

Synthesis and Application of Domestic Glassy Carbon TiO2 Nanocomposite for Electrocatalytic Triclosan Detection

Nanoparticles of TiO2 are suitable for many catalytic and photocatalytic applications due to their extraordinary properties such as superhydrophobicity, semiconductivity, electron-rich, and environmental compatibility. The main crystalline phases of TiO2, anatase, and rutile possess different crystal structures, crystallinity, crystalline sizes, and specific surface areas, and these characteristics directly affect the catalytic performance of TiO2. In the present study, domestic carbon material enhanced with TiO2 nanoparticles was synthesized and used for the construction of a modified carbon paste electrode. The electrocatalytic activity of the modified electrodes was investigated depending on the TiO2 crystalline phases in the electrode material. Furthermore, the obtained working electrode was utilized for triclosan detection. Under optimized experimental conditions, the developed electrode showed a submicromolar triclosan detection limit of 0.07 µM and a wide linear range of 0.1 to 15 µM. The relative standard deviations for repeatability and reproducibility were lower than 4.1%, and with satisfactory selectivity, the proposed system was successfully applied to triclosan monitoring in groundwater. All these results confirm that the sustainable production of new and domestically prepared materials is of great benefit in the field of electrocatalysis and that the morphology of such produced materials is strongly related to their catalytic properties

Chemical kinetics in a five-component air behind shock waves

Abstract: The inuence of non-equilibrium kinetic processes on macroscopic parameters in air flows is a challenging and an important problem. Particularly, simulation of flows with high-temperature effects is important near the surface of spacecraft or meteorites when they enter the Earth’s atmosphere. Non-equilibrium flows of a reacting five-component air mixture consisting of N2, O2, NO, N, O behind a shock wave at different altitudes in the Earth’s atmosphere and different speeds of the inlet flow are investigated. The lengths of the relaxation zones are considered to evaluate the applicability of one-temperature thermodynamics model for calculating the macroscopic fluid quantities behind the shock wave. The results of the flow simulation are obtained with in-house code developed for super-and hypersonic applications. The results from the code are compared with the results of numerical calculations computed with the equilibrium thermodynamics mode

DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TIO2 COATINGS PREPARED BY ELECTRIC ARC-PHYSICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION SYSTEM

TiO2 thin coatings were prepared, on various substrates, through evaporation of metallic titanium in an oxidizing atmosphere by modified electric arc physical vapor deposition (EA-PVD). The coatings were characterized chemically (by means of XPS and SIMS) and from the structural point of view (by means of XRD and Raman spectroscopy), in order to understand the factors which lead to homoge-neous coatings with high anatase content. The type of substrate is the main parameter that influence the crystal structure of the coatings: when stainless steel is used as substrate the coatings consist es-sentially of rutile, while on glass substrates coatings containing mainly anatase are obtained. The photocatalytic activity of the samples upon UVA irradiation was tested by using phenol as the target molecule. Phenol in the solution can be photocatalytically and rapidly degraded through the EA-PVD anatase TiO2 coatings

Soy protein–gum karaya conjugate: emulsifying activity and rheological behavior in aqueous system and oil in water emulsion

The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of mixing and conjugation of soy protein isolate (SPI) with gum karaya on the characteristics of the hybrid polymer (protein–gum) in both aqueous systems and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. It was hypothesized that the covalent linkage of gum karaya with SPI would improve the emulsifying activity and rheological properties of both polymers. Conjugation occurred under controlled conditions (i.e., 60 °C and 75 % relative humidity, 3 days). The conjugated hybrid polymer produced smaller droplet with better uniformity, higher viscosity and stronger emulsifying activity than native gum karaya, suggesting the conjugated polymer provided a bulkier secondary layer with more efficient coverage around oil droplets, thereby inducing stronger resistance against droplet aggregation and flocculation. Emulsions containing the native gum karaya produced the largest droplet size among all prepared emulsions (D 3,2 = 8.6 μm; D 4,3 = 22.4 μm); while the emulsion containing protein–gum conjugate (1:1 g/g) had the smallest droplet size (D 3,2 = 0.2 μm; D 4,3 = 0.7 μm) with lower polydispersity. The protein–gum conjugate (1:1 g/g) also showed the highest elastic and viscous modulus, the lowest polydispersity (span) and the highest emulsifying activity among all native, mixed and conjugated polymers. Therefore, the percentage of gum karaya used for production of O/W emulsion can be decreased by partially replacing it with the conjugated gum

Connecting the data landscape of long-term ecological studies: The SPI-Birds data hub

The integration and synthesis of the data in different areas of science is drastically slowed and hindered by a lack of standards and networking programmes. Long-term studies of individually marked animals are not an exception. These studies are especially important as instrumental for understanding evolutionary and ecological processes in the wild. Furthermore, their number and global distribution provides a unique opportunity to assess the generality of patterns and to address broad-scale global issues (e.g. climate change). To solve data integration issues and enable a new scale of ecological and evolutionary research based on long-term studies of birds, we have created the SPI-Birds Network and Database (www.spibirds.org)\u2014a large-scale initiative that connects data from, and researchers working on, studies of wild populations of individually recognizable (usually ringed) birds. Within year and a half since the establishment, SPI-Birds has recruited over 120 members, and currently hosts data on almost 1.5 million individual birds collected in 80 populations over 2,000 cumulative years, and counting. SPI-Birds acts as a data hub and a catalogue of studied populations. It prevents data loss, secures easy data finding, use and integration and thus facilitates collaboration and synthesis. We provide community-derived data and meta-data standards and improve data integrity guided by the principles of Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR), and aligned with the existing metadata languages (e.g. ecological meta-data language). The encouraging community involvement stems from SPI-Bird's decentralized approach: research groups retain full control over data use and their way of data management, while SPI-Birds creates tailored pipelines to convert each unique data format into a standard format. We outline the lessons learned, so that other communities (e.g. those working on other taxa) can adapt our successful model. Creating community-specific hubs (such as ours, COMADRE for animal demography, etc.) will aid much-needed large-scale ecological data integration