Three-dimensional image surface acquisition in vertebrate paleontology: A review of principal techniques

Three-dimensional (3D) surface scanning includes techniques of image acquisition and image processing. Among the former, hardware devices (e.g., portable and non-portable scanners, camera) capture images from the target, whereas image processing is conducted via specialized software, in which acquired images are processed to merge them into a single 3D surface model. Image surface scanning comprises a wide variety of devices which incorporate different image acquisition techniques, all of them with potential high standards results. We describe four different scanning devices and techniques commonly used in vertebrate paleontology in order to compare them in terms of pros and cons, considering different variables, such as scanning time, post-processing time, costs and image resolution. The decision on which device to choose will depend on the budget available, the portability as well as the nature of the fossil material being analyzed (e.g., size, weight, accessibility). In the light of this, photogrammetry constitutes the image surface technique which fulfills these requirements, having the best cost-benefit relationship

Psicologia da Saúde: Extensão de serviços à comunidade, ensino e pesquisa.

Les psychologues ont un rôle croissant dans le secteur médical. Ce rapport a pour objectif de décrire le développement et le stade actuel du Service de Psychologie de l’Hôpital de Base de la FAMERP, commencé en 1981 par l’embauche d’une psychologue pour travailler à l’infirmerie de pédiatrie. Aujourd’hui, l’hôpital compte 40 psychologues (professeurs, superviseurs et résidents) qui développent des activités d’extension de services à la communauté, d’enseignement et de recherche en Psychologie Médicale. Ces activités comprennent les niveaux primaires, secondaire et tertiaire de soins en urgence, à l’hôpital, au centre Hospitalier Universitaire, principalement en équipes interdisciplinaires. L’enseignement comprend des cours de 3ème cycle en médecine et infirmerie, des stages pour des étudiants en psychologie, un programme de Perfectionnement en Psychologie de la Santé, Cours de Spécialisation, de Spécialisation professoral, de recherches du programme de post-graduation en Sciences de la santé (maîtrise et doctorat) à la FAMERP. Les recherches visent principalement l’étude des relations entre comportement et santé, en abordant des thèmes comme la promotion de la santé, de la prévention et l’aide au traitement et lê manège des maladies. Bien que ce secteur soit en expansion, il faut penser que l’entretien de la crédibilité et de l’espace conquis dépendent d’une solide formation professionnelle, d’éthique et de développement des recherches dans ce secteur.O trabalho de psicólogos na área da saúde vem se desenvolvendo de form a crescente. O objetivo deste relato é descrever o desenvolvimento e estágio atual do Serviço de Psicologia do Hospital de Base da FAMERP, iniciado em 1981 com a contratação de uma psicóloga para atuar na enfermaria de Pediatria. Atualmente, o hospital conta com 40 psicólogos (docentes, contratados e aprimorandos) desenvolvendo atividades de extensão de serviços à comunidade, ensino e pesquisa em Psicologia da Saúde. A atuação abrange os níveis primário, secundário e terciário de atendimento e é realizada no ambulatório, no hospital, em Centro de Saúde Escola e na comunidade, principalmente em equipes interdisciplinares. O ensino envolve aulas para os cursos de graduação em medicina e enfermagem, estágio para alunos de psicologia, um Programa de Aprimoramento em Psicologia da Saúde, Cursos de Extensão, de Especialização e docência e orientação no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (mestrado e doutorado) da FAMERP. As pesquisas visam principalmente o estudo das relações entre comportamento e saúde, abordando temas como promoção da saúde, prevenção e auxílio no tratamento e manejo de doenças. Embora a área esteja em expansão, é preciso pensar que a manutenção da credibilidade e do espaço conquistado dependem de uma sólida formação profissional, de um desempenho ético e do desenvolvimento de pesquisas na área.Psychologists have had an increasing role in the medical area. The objective of this study is to report the development and current status of the Psychology Service at Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), which started in 1981, when a psychologist was hired to work at the Pediatrics Outpatient Ward. Currently, the hospital has a staff of 40 psychologists (professors, supervisors, and residents), developing community services, education and research activities in Health Psychology. Such activities are carried out at a primary, secondary and tertiary level at the outpatient ward of the hospital and at a Medical School Health Community Center, especially with interdisciplinary teams. Teaching involves classes in post-graduation courses in medicine and nursing; internships for psychology students; a Residency Program in Health Psychology; Extension, Specialization, and Teaching Courses; and assistance to graduate students from the Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences (masters degree and PhD) at FAMERP. Research is aimed at assessing the relationship between behavior and health, approaching issues such as providing health, prevention and assistance in the treatment and management of diseases. Even though this is an expanding area, the maintenance of credibility and the progress achieved depend on a solid professional training, ethics and the development of research in the area

Indução da atividade fagocitária e produção de óxido nítrico numa população natural de Trypanosoma cruzi I e II do Estado do Paraná, Brasil

Twelve strains of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from wild reservoirs, triatomines, and chronic chagasic patients in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil, and classified as T. cruzi I and II, were used to test the correlation between genetic and biological diversity. The Phagocytic Index (PI) and nitric-oxide (NO) production in vitro were used as biological parameters. The PI of the T. cruzi I and II strains did not differ significantly, nor did the PI of the T. cruzi strains isolated from humans, triatomines, or wild reservoirs. There was a statistical difference in the inhibition of NO production between T. cruzi I and II and between parasites isolated from humans and the strains isolated from triatomines and wild reservoirs, but there was no correlation between genetics and biology when the strains were analyzed independently of the lineages or hosts from which the strains were isolated. There were significant correlations for Randomly Amplified Polymorphic Deoxyribonucleic acid (RAPD) and biological parameters for T. cruzi I and II, and for humans or wild reservoirs when the lineages or hosts were considered individually.Doze cepas de Trypanosoma cruzi isoladas de reservatórios silvestres, triatomíneos e de pacientes chagásicos crônicos do Estado do Paraná, Brasil, classificadas como Tc I e II foram usadas para avaliar a correlação entre genética e diversidade biológica. Índice fagocítico (IF) e produção de óxido nítrico (ON) in vitro foram os parâmetros biológicos utilizados. O IF de cepas T. cruzi I e II não diferiram significativamente assim como o IF de cepas isoladas de humanos, triatomíneos ou de reservatórios silvestres. Há diferença estatística na inibição da produção de ON entre T. cruzi I e II e entre parasitos isolados de humanos e de cepas isoladas de triatomíneos e reservatórios silvestres, mas não foi observada correlação entre genética e biologia quando as cepas foram analisadas independentemente da linhagem ou hospedeiros das quais elas foram isoladas. Observou-se correlação significativa para amplificação aleatória do DNA polimórfico e parâmetros biológicos de Tc I ou II e para os seres humanos ou reservatório silvestre quando linhagens ou hospedeiros são consideradas separadamente

Exercise inhibits the effects of smoke-induced COPD involving modulation of STAT3

Purpose . Evaluate the participation of STAT3 in the e ff ects of aerobic exercise (AE) in a model of smoke-induced COPD. Methods . C57Bl/6 male mice were divided into control, Exe, COPD, and COPD+Exe groups. Smoke were administered during 90 days. Treadmill aerobic training begun on day 61 until day 90. Pulmonary in fl ammation, systemic in fl ammation, the level of lung emphysema, and the airway remodeling were evaluated. Analysis of integral and phosphorylated expression of STAT3 by airway epithelial cells, peribronchial leukocytes, and parenchymal leukocytes was performed. Results . AE inhibited smoke-induced accumulation of total cells ( p <0 001 ), lymphocytes ( p <0 001 ), and neutrophils ( p <0 001 ) in BAL, as well as BAL levels of IL- 1 β ( p <0 001 ), CXCL1 ( p <0 001 ), IL-17 ( p <0 001 ), and TNF- α ( p <0 05 ), while increased the levels of IL-10 ( p <0 001 ). AE also inhibited smoke-induced increases in total leukocytes ( p <0 001 ), neutrophils ( p <0 05 ), lymphocytes ( p <0 001 ), and monocytes ( p <0 01 ) in blood, as well as serum levels of IL-1 β ( p <0 01 ), CXCL1 ( p <0 01 ), IL-17 ( p <0 05 ), and TNF- α ( p <0 01 ), while increased the levels of IL-10 ( p <0 001 ). AE reduced smoke-induced emphysema ( p <0 001 ) and collagen fi ber accumulation in the airways ( p <0 001 ). AE reduced smoke-induced STAT3 and phospho-STAT3 expression in airway epithelial cells ( p <0 001 ), peribronchial leukocytes ( p <0 001 ), and parenchymal leukocytes ( p <0 001 ). Conclusions .AE reduces smoke-induced COPD phenotype involving STAT3