Growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 in growth hormone-deficient Little mice

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a possible direct, growth hormone-releasing, hormone-independent action of a growth hormone secretagogue, GHRP-2, in pituitary somatotroph cells in the presence of inactive growth hormonereleasing hormone receptors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The responses of serum growth hormone to acutely injected growth hormone-releasing P-2 in lit/litmice, which represent a model of GH deficiency arising frommutated growth hormone-releasing hormonereceptors, were compared to those observed in the heterozygous (lit/&#43;) littermates and wild-type (&#43;/&#43;) C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS: After the administration of 10 mcg of growth hormone-releasing P-2 to lit/lit mice, a growth hormone release of 9.3±1.5 ng/ml was observed compared with 1.04±1.15 ng/ml in controls (p<0.001). In comparison, an intermediate growth hormone release of 34.5±9.7 ng/ml and a higher growth hormone release of 163±46 ng/ml were induced in the lit/&#43; mice and wild-type mice, respectively. Thus, GHRP-2 stimulated growth hormone in the lit/lit mice, and the release of growth hormone in vivo may be only partially dependent on growth hormone-releasing hormone. Additionally, the plasma leptin and ghrelin levels were evaluated in the lit/lit mice under basal and stimulated conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we have demonstrated that lit/lit mice, which harbor a germline mutation in the Growth hormone-releasing hormone gene, maintain a limited but statistically significant growth hormone elevation after exogenous stimulation with GHRP-2. The present data probably reflect a direct, growth hormone-independent effect on Growth hormone S (ghrelin) stimulation in the remaining pituitary somatotrophs of little mice that is mediated by growth hormone S-R 1a

Mass‐loading the Earth's dayside magnetopause boundary layer and its effect on magnetic reconnection

When the interplanetary magnetic field is northward for a period of time, O+ from the high‐latitude ionosphere escapes along reconnected magnetic field lines into the dayside magnetopause boundary layer. Dual‐lobe reconnection closes these field lines, which traps O+ and mass loads the boundary layer. This O+ is an additional source of magnetospheric plasma that interacts with magnetosheath plasma through magnetic reconnection. This mass loading and interaction is illustrated through analysis of a magnetopause crossing by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft. While in the O+‐rich boundary layer, the interplanetary magnetic field turns southward. As the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft cross the high‐shear magnetopause, reconnection signatures are observed. While the reconnection rate is likely reduced by the mass loading, reconnection is not suppressed at the magnetopause. The high‐latitude dayside ionosphere is therefore a source of magnetospheric ions that contributes often to transient reduction in the reconnection rate at the dayside magnetopause.publishedVersio

Growth hormone response to growth hormone&#x2D;releasing peptide&#x2D;2 in growth hormone&#x2D;deficient Little mice

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a possible direct, growth hormone-releasing, hormone-independent action of a growth hormone secretagogue, GHRP-2, in pituitary somatotroph cells in the presence of inactive growth hormonereleasing hormone receptors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The responses of serum growth hormone to acutely injected growth hormone-releasing P-2 in lit/litmice, which represent a model of GH deficiency arising frommutated growth hormone-releasing hormonereceptors, were compared to those observed in the heterozygous (lit/&#43;) littermates and wild-type (&#43;/&#43;) C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS: After the administration of 10 mcg of growth hormone-releasing P-2 to lit/lit mice, a growth hormone release of 9.3±1.5 ng/ml was observed compared with 1.04±1.15 ng/ml in controls (

Balanço de cálcio e fósforo e estudo dos níveis desses minerais em dietas para codornas japonesas (45 a 57 semanas de idade) Balance of calcium and phosphorus and study of these minerals in diets for Japanese quails (from 45 to 57 weeks of age)

Objetivou-se verificar o efeito de quatro níveis de cálcio (Ca) e de fósforo disponível (Pd) na dieta sobre o desempenho, a qualidade dos ovos e a excreção mineral em codornas japonesas durante o terço final do ciclo de produção. Utilizaram-se 384 codornas, com 313 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 × 2, composto de quatro níveis de cálcio (2,0; 2,5; 3,0 e 3,5%) e dois de fósforo disponível (0,15 e 0,35%), de modo que cada combinação foi avaliada em seis repetições de oito aves. As dietas experimentais foram isoproteicas (19,31% de PB), isocalóricas (2.800 kcal de EM/kg) e isoaminoacídicas. Foram avaliados a produção, o peso, a massa, a altura e o diâmetro dos ovos, o consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar, a viabilidade, o peso específico, os componentes dos ovos (peso e porcentagem de casca, albúmem e gema), o balanço de cálcio e fósforo total e a excreção de matéria mineral. Não houve interação dos níveis de cálcio e fósforo disponível utilizados. O aumento do nível de cálcio na dieta melhorou linearmente a conversão por dúzia e reduziu o consumo. Promoveu também aumento no peso específico, no peso e na porcentagem de casca e redução linear no peso da gema e aumentou o teor de cálcio nas excretas. A viabilidade e o teor de fósforo nas excretas aumentaram com o acréscimo de fósforo disponível, enquanto as demais variáveis não foram influenciadas pelos níveis de cálcio e fósforo disponível da dieta. Os níveis de 3,5% de cálcio e o de 0,15% de fósforo disponível são suficientes para proporcionar bom desempenho produtivo e manutenção satisfatória da qualidade dos ovos de codornas japonesas no terço final de postura (45 a 57 semanas de idade), e correspondem a consumos diários de 899 mg de cálcio e 40 mg de fósforo disponível por ave.<br>This experiment was conducted aiming to verify the effect of four levels of calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (aP) in the diet on the performance, quality of eggs and the mineral excretion in Japanese quails during the final third of the production cycle. A total of 384 quails at 313 days of age was used. They were distributed in a complete random design in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme composed of four levels of calcium (2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5%) and two levels of available phosphorus (0.15 and 0.35%), so each combination was evaluated in six replicates of eight birds. The experimental diets were isoprotein (19.31% CP), isocaloric (2,800 kcal/kg) and isoaminoacids. It was evaluated the production, weight, mass, height and diameter of the eggs, ration consumption, feed conversion, viability, specific weight, the components of eggs (weight and percentage of shell, albumen and yolk), the balance of calcium and total phosphorus and excretion of mineral matter. There was no interaction between the used levels of calcium and available phosphorus. The increase in the level of calcium in the diet linearly improved the conversion by dozen and it reduced the consumption. It also promoted an increase on the specific weight, on the weight and on the percentage of shell and linear reduction on the weight of yolk and it increased the calcium content in the excreta. The viability and content of phosphorus in the excreta increased as the available phosphorus increased, whereas the other variables were not influenced by the levels of calcium and available phosphorus in the diet. The levels of 3.5% of calcium and 0.15% of available phosphorus are sufficient to provide good productive performance and satisfactory maintenance of the quality of eggs of Japanese quails in the final third of laying (45 to 57 weeks of age), and they correspond to a daily consumption of 899 mg of calcium and 40 mg of available phosphorus per bird

Production of charged pions, kaons and protons at large transverse momenta in pp and Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV

Transverse momentum spectra of π±, K± and p(p¯) up to pT = 20 GeV/c at mid-rapidity in pp, peripheral (60–80%) and central (0–5%) Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV have been measured using the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The proton-to-pion and the kaon-to-pion ratios both show a distinct peak at pT ≈ 3 GeV/c in central Pb–Pb collisions. Below the peak, pT 10 GeV/c particle ratios in pp and Pb–Pb collisions are in agreement and the nuclear modification factors for π±, K± and p(p¯) indicate that, within the systematic and statistical uncertainties, the suppression is the same. This suggests that the chemical composition of leading particles from jets in the medium is similar to that of vacuum jets