Determinates of Savings and Economic Growth in Poland in Comparison to the OECD Countries

Authors investigate interactions between the rate of economic growth and the saving rate in Poland in the 1990s. Tendencies observed in the Polish economy are related to the long term trends of growth and saving in a number of OECD countries. A simulation of possible development paths of the Polish economy is conducted using results of the estimation of the saving function for the OECD countries in the period 1971-1994. The model implies that, if the factors determining the rate of saving and the rate of growth were the same as those in the OECD countries during the last 25 years, the rate of saving in Poland would be higher by 5 percentage points and would equal 22 percent. Moreover, assuming the medium term rate of growth of 5-7 percent, a reduction of the budget deficit and the current account deficit, would result in a rise in the saving rate up to the level of 25-27 percent of GDP. Savings of households would rise by 2-3 percentage points to the level of 12 percent of GDP. The long term rate of growth would either be lowered down to 4 percent or raised up to 8 percent depending on the extent of utilisation of externalities and increasing returns from the employment of the human capital and technological change.economic growth, Poland, OECD

Regional economic and labour market performance and inter-regional labour market balance : the case of Poland

"The paper analyses the directions of inter-regional migration in Poland in the years 1995-2002 and points out some major factors that cause the migration. The analyses indicate the voivodships with the largest net migration flows (Mazowieckie, Pomorskie) are characterized by high relative GDP per capita, high labour productivity and high relative wages. In contrast, the voivodships with the smallest net migration flows (Warminsko-Mazurskie, Lubelskie, Swietokrzyskie) are typified by large shares of the employed in agriculture, low labour productivity and wages and low GDP per capita. The size of migration inflows is negatively related to regional unemployment rates. Moreover, the highest propensity for inter-regional migration exhibit young people, aged 21-35, as well as people with tertiary education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))regionaler Arbeitsmarkt, regionale Disparität, Wirtschaftsentwicklung, Regionalökonomie, Arbeitsmarktgleichgewicht, Binnenwanderung, regionale Mobilität - Determinanten, Mobilitätsbereitschaft, Bruttoinlandsprodukt, Arbeitsproduktivität, Lohnhöhe, Wirtschaftszweigstruktur, Arbeitslosenquote, berufliche Qualifikation, Dienstleistungsberufe, Lebensalter, demografische Faktoren, soziale Faktoren, Polen

Student attitudes to entrepreneurship

This study on Student Attitudes to Entrepreneurship investigates the image which university students have of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. It is an initial exploratory/empirical study, which looks at the situation in Germany, Romania, Latvia, Italy and Austria. The study, based on questionnaires, shows that there are significant differences but also common features to the image of entrepreneurship and attitudes to it in the five countries. It is interesting to note that the students polled in connection with the study tended to have a neutral to positive/very positive image of entrepreneurs.attitude, attributes, entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship, opinion.

The Materiality of the Spiritual

This year I have been interested in the ways in which art reaches beyond itself and approaches a sort of universality, a spirituality. Beyond imagery itself, there is the concern of material, which is the focus of my recent exploration. For this project, I investigated how a work’s substrate enhances its imagery in the pursuit of a spiritual dialogue/ interaction between art and viewer. I experimented with paper, cardboard, canvas, wood, plaster, and concrete; I learned that each has a wide range of uses and effects, both historically and in my studio practice. Although I had originally thought of material as a purely formal concern, I realized that there is more that goes into creating a harmonious balance between form and image. I went into this project assuming I would end with a decisive aesthetic formula relating the aim or concept of my work and my imagery to the materials, but that was not the case. Instead, this project forced me to consider the ways in which material can be used for various purposes, and how to better understand what type of substrate might best enhance the type of imagery I am looking to use in my work

Znaczenie słowa i zasada wewnętrznej motywacji cech semantycznych

The meaning of a word has a layered structure with the clearly distinguished center (prototype, lexical meaning) and – the further towards the peripheries – with semantic connotations more and more weak-established in the system. Giving-up ofthe purely structuralist understanding of connotations (verified by semantic and morphological derivatives, collocations, repeatable lexical oppositions, or various tests) has created a danger that semantically irrelevant components may be recognized as relevant qualities. The article proposes a rule for verification of weak connotations. Underlying the principle of internal motivation of qualities is the conviction that the meaning of a word is internally structured, while each quality, especially weak connotations, are motivated by the overall structure of meaning and are explained in the context of this structure

Determining the Amount of Fines for Cartel Participants in the EU

Price-fixing, quota agreements, division of markets, the general cartel agreements, for years absorbed attention of economists and politicians who have been trying to work out effective policies to deal with this type of behavior. Despite these efforts, limiting the competition in the market through the creation of illegal agreements is still a common phenomenon in today's economy. To make sure that each participant of an illegal agreement will be justly punished multistage EC has developed a mechanism for calculating fines and systematically improves detection and level of penalties imposed to deter companies from violations of competition law

Thermogravimetry – a promising technique to assess the status of organic matter supply in agricultural soils

The aim of this thesis was the experimental evaluation of thermogravimetry (TG) to assess the status of organic matter supply in agricultural soils. TG is an innovative analytical method for recording thermal mass losses (TML) during heating of soil samples from room temperature to 950 °C. The determination of TML in 10 °C temperature increments (TG indicators) is a central method of TG data evaluation. There is a very close correlation between selected temperature ranges and classically determined soil properties (organic carbon, total nitrogen and clay content). The regression parameters of these relationships can be used to estimate soil properties and to assess the quality of SOM.:List of Tables VI List of Figures VII List of Abbreviations VIII Summary 10 Zusammenfassung 13 Chapter One – Synthesis: Thermogravimetry – a promising technique to assess the status of organic matter supply in agricultural soils 16 1 Introduction 16 1.1 Soils and agriculture 16 1.2 The Importance of soil organic matter (SOM) 17 1.3 Current challenges in the assessment of SOM as an indicator of soil quality 18 1.4 Main objectives 20 2 Methodological Approach 22 2.1 General approach 22 2.2 Experimental areas and soil description 22 2.3 Application of thermogravimetric analysis (TG) 28 2.4 Experimental design 29 2.4.1 SOC content determination using TML (chapter two and chapter five) 29 2.4.2 Detectability of thermal stabilities of organic amendments in soil samples using TML (chapter two) 30 2.4.3 Comparison between biological and thermal stability of SOM (chapter two and chapter three) 30 2.4.4 Linking thermogravimetric data with soil properties, thermal stability of SOM and SOC fractions (chapter four and chapter five) 31 3 Results and Discussion 32 3.1 Thermogravimetric-based fingerprint predictions of soil properties and soil organic matter stability (chapter two and chapter three) 32 3.2 Linking thermogravimetric indicators with functional SOC fractions to assess SOM quality (chapter four and chapter five) 35 4. Research needs and perspectives 37 5. Conclusion 40 References 40 Chapter Two: Contribution of organic amendments to soil organic matter detected by thermogravimetry 51 Chapter Three: Detectability of degradable organic matter in agricultural soils by thermogravimetry 52 Chapter Four: Linking soil organic matter thermal stability with contents of clay, bound water, organic carbon and nitrogen 53 Chapter Five: Linking thermogravimetric data with soil organic carbon fractions 54 Appendix 55 List of publications 55 Acknowledgments 5