9 research outputs found
Proving Kochen-Specker Theorem Using Projection Measurement and Positive Operator-Valued Measure
One of the main theorems on the impossibility of hidden variables in quantum mechanics is Kochen-Specker theorem (KS). This theorem says that any hidden variable theory that satisfies quantum mechanics must be contextual. More specifically, it asserts that, in Hilbert space of dimension ≥ 3, it is impossible to associate definite numerical values, 1 or 0, with every projection operator Pm, in such a way that, if a set of commuting Pm satisfies 1=ΣmP, the corresponding values will also satisfy . Since the first proof of Kochen and Specker using 117 vectors in R3, there were many attempts to reduce the number of vector either via conceiving ingenious models or extending the system being considered to higher dimension. By considering eight dimensional three qubits system, we found a state dependent proof that requires only five vectors. The state that we assign value of 1 is the ray that arises from intersection of two planes. The recent advancements show that the KS theorem proof can be extended to two dimensional quantum system through generalized measurement represented by positive operator-valued measured (POVM). In POVMs the number of available outcomes of a measurement may be higher than the dimensionality of the Hilbert space and N-outcome generalized measurement is represented by N-element POVM which consists of N positive semidefinite operators {}dE that sum to identity. Each pair of elements is not mutually orthogonal if the number of outcome of measurements is bigger than the dimensionality. In terms of POVM, Kochen-Specker theorem asserts that and could not be satisfied for . We developed a general model that enables us to generate different sizes of the POVM for the proof of the Kochen-Specker theorem. We show that the current simplest Nakamura model is in fact a special case of our model. W also provide another model which is as simple as the Nakamura’s but consists of different sets of POVM
Cosmic Crystallography: CCP-Index of Thurston Manifold
The universe is assumed to have negative spatial curvature with 3-dimensional
hyperbolic Thurston manifold as the fundamental domain. The universal covering space
of the universe is tessellated by fundamental domain through holonomy group.
Collecting correlated pair method (CCP-method) is implemented to this model to
compute CCP-index which indicates the multi-connectedness of the universe
Proof of Kochen¨CSpecker Theorem: conversion of product Rule to sum rule
Valuation functions of observables in quantum mechanics are often expected to obey two constraints called the
sum rule and product rule. However, the Kochen–Specker (KS) theorem shows that for a Hilbert space of quantum
mechanics of dimension d ≥ 3, these constraints contradict individually with the assumption of value definiteness.
The two rules are not irrelated and Peres [Found. Phys. 26 (1996) 807] has conceived a method of converting
the product rule into a sum rule for the case of two qubits. Here we apply this method to a proof provided by
Mermin based on the product rule for a three-qubit system involving nine operators. We provide the conversion
of this proof to one based on sum rule involving ten operators
Kochen-Specker Theorem for a Single Qubit
The Kochen-Specker theorem (KS) states that
Ilonconrextual hidden variable theories are
incompatible with quantum mechanics. Since the
first proof of the theorem, von Neumann projection
measurement has been used and the quantum
system considered has dimensionality of at least
three. However, recently generalized measurements
represented by positive-operator-va!ued measures
(POVM) have been applied to extend the proof to
two dimensional quantum systems. This note gives
numerical calculations on the first KS proof for a
single qubit
Kochen-Specker theorem for a three-qubit system: a state-dependent proof with seventeen rays
We consider Kochen–Specker theorem for three-qubit system with eight-dimensional state space. Reexamining the proof given by Kernaghan and Peres, we make some clarifications on the orthogonality of rays and rank-two projectors found by them. Basing on their five groups of orthogonal octad, we then show a proof that requires only seventeen rays
No-Go theorems and quantization
In this review, we would like to highlight the three known no-go theorems in quantum physics in relation to the process
of quantization that maps classical observables to quantum ones. The quantization approach considered is a mixture of
Isham’s group-theoretic quantization and geometric quantization with special emphasis on underlying compact phase
space geometry of spheres. The first is Groenewold-van Hove theorem that states the obstruction of quantizing the full
algebra of observables and in the sphere case, only limited to the spin observables plus the constant functions. The
other two are theorems of Bell and Kochen-Specker stating that the only hidden variable theories allowed by quantum
physics are nonlocal and contextual ones. We give simple examples of these no-go theorems and indicate some
interesting problems arising from them for the field of quantizatio
Classical tautology versus quantum mechanical contradiction
This is a pedagogical note introducing the basic idea of contextuality through a pairof spin- 1/2 particles system, quantum mechanically interpreting Schütte’s tautology,
and using the later to generate a set of uncolourable rays in three-dimensional Hilbert space in order to prove Kochen-Specker Theorem
Banking in Vietnam
Vietnam, an isolated land for the past decades, is currently undergoing a series of reforms to open its doors and bring in a new era of changes and challenges. Just like China, another growing “tiger” in the region, Vietnam is now the new area of focus for investors in the Asia-Pacific region. Its economy has been growing substantially for the past years. New trade links, increased foreign investments and more foreign diplomatic ties are now taking place within the country. In the coming years, Vietnam will continue to grow with good prospects for investments, but this is, however, restricted by the existence of the United States trade embargo. Once the embargo is completely lifted, the development of Vietnam towards a conducive business environment for foreign investors will then accelerate.BUSINES
Complementary Sequential Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC) and Cell-Free Tumor DNA (ctDNA) Profiling Reveals Metastatic Heterogeneity and Genomic Changes in Lung Cancer and Breast Cancer
Introduction Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA) are tumor components present in circulation. Due to the limited access to both CTC enrichment platforms and ctDNA sequencing in most laboratories, they are rarely analyzed together. Methods Concurrent isolation of ctDNA and single CTCs were isolated from lung cancer and breast cancer patients using the combination of size-based and CD45-negative selection method via DropCell platform. We performed targeted amplicon sequencing to evaluate the genomic heterogeneity of CTCs and ctDNA in lung cancer and breast cancer patients. Results Higher degrees of genomic heterogeneity were observed in CTCs as compared to ctDNA. Several shared alterations present in CTCs and ctDNA were undetected in the primary tumor, highlighting the intra-tumoral heterogeneity of tumor components that were shed into systemic circulation. Accordingly, CTCs and ctDNA displayed higher degree of concordance with the metastatic tumor than the primary tumor. The alterations detected in circulation correlated with worse survival outcome for both lung and breast cancer patients emphasizing the impact of the metastatic phenotype. Notably, evolving genetic signatures were detected in the CTCs and ctDNA samples during the course of treatment and disease progression. Conclusions A standardized sample processing and data analysis workflow for concurrent analysis of CTCs and ctDNA successfully dissected the heterogeneity of metastatic tumor in circulation as well as the progressive genomic changes that may potentially guide the selection of appropriate therapy against evolving tumor clonality