DETERMINATION OF PINAVERIUM BROMIDE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS BY A VALIDATED STABILITY-INDICATING LC METHOD

A reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) method is validated for the determination of pinaverium bromide (PB) in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The LC method is carried out on a reversed-phase monolithic C18 column (100 x 4.6 mm i.d.), maintained at 45 ºC. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and a solution of triethylamine 0.3% pH 5.0 (50:50; v/v), run at a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min, with photodiode array detector set at 213 nm. The chromatographic separation is obtained with PB retention time of 3.4 min, and it is linear in the range of 5-100 μg/mL (r2 = 0.9991). The limits of detection and quantitation are 1.41 and 4.70 μg/mL, respectively. The specificity and stability-indicating capability of the method are proven through degradation studies, which also showed that there is no interference of the formulation excipients, showing that peak is free from any coeluting peak. The method showed adequate precision, with a relative standard deviation values lower than 1.38%. Excellent values of accuracy were also obtained, with a mean value of 100.68%. Experimental design is used during validation to calculate and prove method robustness. The proposed LC method is applied for the analysis of the PB pharmaceutical dosage forms, contributing to improve the quality control and to assure the therapeutic efficacy

Validation of a green spectrophotometric method for the determination of dropropizine in commercial oral solutions

The present work describes a first-order derivative spectrophotometric (1D-UV) method for determination of dropropizine in commercial oral solutions. The method was developed using ecologically correct solvents and validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) recommendations. The response was linear in the concentration range of 6–24 μg/mL (r = 0.9997, n = 7) at wavelength 249 nm, which was the zero crossing point of excipient solutions. The detection and quantitation limits were 0.36 and 1.18 μg/mL, respectively. The method showed adequate precision, with a relative standard deviation values lower than 1.41%. Excellent values of accuracy were obtained, with a mean value of 99.44%. The method proved to be robust by a full factorial design evaluation. It is simple, it has low cost, and it has low use of polluting reagents. Minimum environmental hazards observed and the results obtained attest to the reliability of the proposed green method, showing to be specific, linear, precise, accurate and robust. Thus, the validated 1D-UV spectrophotometric method was successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of dropropizine in oral solutions dosage forms, helping to improve quality control and to assure therapeutic efficacy

Main degradation products of dabigatran etexilate evaluated by LC-UV and LC-ESI-MS, degradation kinetics and in vitro cytotoxicity studies

The present study reports the stability profile of an antithrombotic drug: dabigatran etexilate (DAB). The drug was subjected to thermal degradation at 60 °C and products formed were investigated by liquid chromatography-UV (LC-UV) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). Chromatographic separation of the degradation products was performed on a GL Sciences Inc. Inertsil ODS-2 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., with a particle size of 5 µm and pore size of 110 Å) with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.5; 10 mmol L−1 ) (65:35, v/v) pumped at 1.0 mL min−1 flow rate. Column temperature was set at 30 °C and detection at 225 nm using a UV detector. LC-UV method previously validated was extended to LC-ESI-MS for the characterization of the degradation products (DP-01 and DP-02) formed, without complicated isolation or purification processes, based on retention times and confirmation of molecular weight. Degradation kinetics of DAB was also evaluated and could be described as a first-order process (R2 = 0.9900). Furthermore, no evidence of cytotoxicity in human mononuclear cells was observed for DAB degraded samples

Métodos analíticos para determinação de delapril e manidipino aplicáveis a estudos de estabilidade e ao desenvolvimento de método de dissolução para a forma farmacêutica comprimidos

A associação entre os fármacos delapril (DEL) e manidipino (MAN) apresenta um efeito anti-hipertensivo sinérgico de longa duração, sendo considerada uma importante alternativa no tratamento e controle da hipertensão arterial. O presente trabalho faz referência à utilização de diversas técnicas instrumentais para avaliar a qualidade de DEL e MAN na forma farmacêutica e matérias-primas. Neste sentido, amostras de matérias-primas dos fármacos provenientes de diferentes fornecedores foram analisadas utilizando a calorimetria diferencial exploratória, termogravimetria, difração de raios X, espectrofotometria no infravermelho, espectroscopia Raman e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados permitiram observar inconsistências entre as amostras de DEL, provavelmente devido à presença de uma impureza em uma das substâncias, demonstrando a importância da pesquisa e controle dos insumos farmacêuticos, bem como de programas de qualificação de fornecedores. Além disso, metodologias analíticas por espectrofotometria derivada, cromatografia líquida com detecção no ultravioleta (CL-UV) e CL acoplada à espectrometria de massas (EM) foram desenvolvidas objetivando a determinação de DEL e MAN nos comprimidos. Os procedimentos foram validados, cumprindo com os requisitos internacionalmente aceitos para especificidade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão, robustez e limites de detecção e quantificação, além de demonstrarem diferença não significativa (p > 0,05) entre si na quantificação simultânea dos fármacos. A estabilidade dos fármacos nas condições alcalina e fotolítica (para o DEL e MAN, respecivamente) também foi investigada. Através dos métodos por CL-UV e CL-EM pode-se propor a identidade dos principais produtos de degradação formados, os quais não apresentaram evidências de citotoxicidade em estudo utilizando células mononucleares humanas. Além disso, os estudos de cinéticas de degradação indicaram que o DEL segue uma cinética de primeira ordem (R2 = 0,9991) enquanto o MAN segue uma reação de ordem zero (R2 = 0,9867). De forma adicional, foi desenvolvido e validado um método de dissolução para avaliação de comprimidos contendo DEL e MAN. O uso de tampão citrato pH 3,2 como meio de dissolução e dispositivo pá a 75 rpm demonstrou resultados satisfatórios para a avaliação da liberação simultânea dos fármacos do produto farmacêutico, bem como capacidade de simular o comportamento in vivo do MAN a partir de dados da literatura. Desse modo, estabeleceram-se procedimentos analíticos que podem ser aplicados para aprimorar o controle da qualidade dos medicamentos a serem comercializados, bem como contribuir para garantir a segurança e eficácia no uso terapêutico.The association of delapril (DEL) and manidipine (MAN) has a synergic antihypertensive effect and may be regarded as an important alternative to arterial hypertension treatment. The present study refers to use of some instrumental techniques to assess the quality of DEL and MAN in pharmaceutical formulation and raw materials. In this context, samples of the drugs raw materials, obtained from different suppliers, were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimety, X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Inconsistent results were observed between DEL samples, probably due to an impurity presence in some substance, demonstrating the importance of research and control of pharmaceutical ingredients, as well as the quality programs of pharmaceuticals suppliers. In addition, a derivative spectrophotometric, liquid chromatography (LC) and LC coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) methods were developed for simultaneous analysis of DEL and MAN in commercial tablets. The procedures were validated and the results were in accordance with internationally accepted requirements by specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness and detection and quantitation limits. Therefore, the methods were successfully applied for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of DEL and MAN in the tablet dosage form, showing non-significant difference (p > 0.05). The drugs stability in alkaline and photolytic conditions (for DEL and MAN, respectively) was also investigated. The main degradation products formed were analyzed by LC-UV and LC-ESI-MS methods and its identity could be suggested, without isolation or purification processes. Additionally, the degradation kinetic of both drugs and the cytotoxicity of the degraded samples were also studied. No evidence of cytotoxicity in human mononuclear cells was observed for drugs degraded samples. Furthermore, the present study also conducted the development and validation of a dissolution method for DEL and MAN combination tablets. The use of citrate buffer pH 3.2 as dissolution medium in combination with paddle at rotation of 75 rpm, resulted in an appropriate dissolution profile of both drugs, allowing the simultaneous quality control of DEL and MAN in combination tablets, as well as the ability to simulate the in vivo behavior of MAN from literature data. Then, the established procedures can be applied to improve the quality control of the products that will be marketed, as well as to contribute for assure the safety and therapeutic efficacy of the drugs

Development of the chromatographic and electrophoretic methods for the simultaneous determination of delapril and manidipine in tablets

A combinação entre o delapril (DEL), um inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina e o manidipino (MAN), um antagonista dos canais de cálcio, produz um efeito anti-hipertensivo sinérgico, podendo ser considerado um ótimo tratamento para pacientes com hipertensão essencial leve e moderada. No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos e validados métodos cromatográfico e eletroforético para avaliação simultânea de DEL e MAN em produto farmacêutico. As análises por cromatografia líquida em fase reversa (CL-FR) foram executadas utilizando coluna C8 (250 mm x 4,6 mm), mantida a 35 oC. A fase móvel foi constituída por acetonitrila e solução de trietilamina 0,3%, pH 3,0 (55:45; v/v), eluída na vazão de 1,2 mL/min com detecção a 220 nm. Paralelamente, desenvolveu-se método por eletroforese capilar, utilizando modo de separação por cromatografia eletrocinética micelar (MEKC) e ácido salicílico como padrão interno. Foi utilizado capilar de sílica fundida (comprimento efetivo de 72 cm) mantido a 35 °C, com solução eletrolítica composta de tampão borato 50 mM e dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) 5 mM, pH 9,0. Voltagem de 25 kV foi aplicada e a injeção foi de 50 mbar durante 5 s, com detecção a 208 nm. A especificidade e a capacidade dos métodos serem indicativos de estabilidade foram demonstradas através de estudos de degradação forçada dos fármacos e pela não interferência dos excipientes nas análises. Além disso, o desenho experimental Plackett-Burman foi utilizado para a avaliação da robustez, observando-se resultados adequados para ambos métodos. Os procedimentos foram validados de acordo com guias aceitos internacionalmente, observando-se resultados em uma faixa aceitável. Os métodos propostos foram aplicados com sucesso na determinação quantitativa simultânea de DEL e MAN em comprimidos, não havendo diferença significativa dos resultados (P>0,05), contribuindo, portanto, para aprimorar o controle da qualidade, assegurando a eficácia terapêutica.The combination of delapril (DEL), an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and manidipine (MAN), an antagonist of calcium channels, produces a synergic antihypertensive effect and may be regarded as an optimal antihypertensive drug treatment in mild to moderate essential hypertensive patients. The chromatographic and eletrophoretic methods for the simultaneous evaluation of DEL and MAN in pharmaceutical product were developed and validated in the present work. The reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) method was carried out on a C8 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm), maintained at 35 ºC. The mobile-phase consisted of acetonitrile and a solution of triethylamine 0.3% pH 3.0 (55:45; v/v), running at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min, with detection at 220 nm. The capillary electrophoresis method was developed using the micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) as the separation mode, and salicylic acid as internal standard. The analysis were performed on a fused-silica capillary (effective length of 72 cm) maintained at 35 °C, with 50 mM of borate buffer and 5 mM of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at pH 9.0 as background electrolyte. The separation was achieved at 25 kV applied voltage and the injection was performed at 50 mbar for 5 s, with detection at 208 nm. The specificity and stability-indicating capability of the methods were demonstrated through forced degradation studies, which also show that there is no interference of the excipients in the analysis. Moreover, the Plackett- Burman experimental design was used for robustness evaluation, giving acceptable results for both methods. The procedures were validated according to Internationals guidelines, giving results within the acceptable range. Therefore, the proposed methods were successfully applied for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of DEL and MAN in the tablet dosage form, showing non-significant difference (P>0.05), contributing to improve the quality control and to assure the therapeutic efficacy

Métodos analíticos para determinação de delapril e manidipino aplicáveis a estudos de estabilidade e ao desenvolvimento de método de dissolução para a forma farmacêutica comprimidos

A associação entre os fármacos delapril (DEL) e manidipino (MAN) apresenta um efeito anti-hipertensivo sinérgico de longa duração, sendo considerada uma importante alternativa no tratamento e controle da hipertensão arterial. O presente trabalho faz referência à utilização de diversas técnicas instrumentais para avaliar a qualidade de DEL e MAN na forma farmacêutica e matérias-primas. Neste sentido, amostras de matérias-primas dos fármacos provenientes de diferentes fornecedores foram analisadas utilizando a calorimetria diferencial exploratória, termogravimetria, difração de raios X, espectrofotometria no infravermelho, espectroscopia Raman e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados permitiram observar inconsistências entre as amostras de DEL, provavelmente devido à presença de uma impureza em uma das substâncias, demonstrando a importância da pesquisa e controle dos insumos farmacêuticos, bem como de programas de qualificação de fornecedores. Além disso, metodologias analíticas por espectrofotometria derivada, cromatografia líquida com detecção no ultravioleta (CL-UV) e CL acoplada à espectrometria de massas (EM) foram desenvolvidas objetivando a determinação de DEL e MAN nos comprimidos. Os procedimentos foram validados, cumprindo com os requisitos internacionalmente aceitos para especificidade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão, robustez e limites de detecção e quantificação, além de demonstrarem diferença não significativa (p > 0,05) entre si na quantificação simultânea dos fármacos. A estabilidade dos fármacos nas condições alcalina e fotolítica (para o DEL e MAN, respecivamente) também foi investigada. Através dos métodos por CL-UV e CL-EM pode-se propor a identidade dos principais produtos de degradação formados, os quais não apresentaram evidências de citotoxicidade em estudo utilizando células mononucleares humanas. Além disso, os estudos de cinéticas de degradação indicaram que o DEL segue uma cinética de primeira ordem (R2 = 0,9991) enquanto o MAN segue uma reação de ordem zero (R2 = 0,9867). De forma adicional, foi desenvolvido e validado um método de dissolução para avaliação de comprimidos contendo DEL e MAN. O uso de tampão citrato pH 3,2 como meio de dissolução e dispositivo pá a 75 rpm demonstrou resultados satisfatórios para a avaliação da liberação simultânea dos fármacos do produto farmacêutico, bem como capacidade de simular o comportamento in vivo do MAN a partir de dados da literatura. Desse modo, estabeleceram-se procedimentos analíticos que podem ser aplicados para aprimorar o controle da qualidade dos medicamentos a serem comercializados, bem como contribuir para garantir a segurança e eficácia no uso terapêutico.The association of delapril (DEL) and manidipine (MAN) has a synergic antihypertensive effect and may be regarded as an important alternative to arterial hypertension treatment. The present study refers to use of some instrumental techniques to assess the quality of DEL and MAN in pharmaceutical formulation and raw materials. In this context, samples of the drugs raw materials, obtained from different suppliers, were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimety, X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Inconsistent results were observed between DEL samples, probably due to an impurity presence in some substance, demonstrating the importance of research and control of pharmaceutical ingredients, as well as the quality programs of pharmaceuticals suppliers. In addition, a derivative spectrophotometric, liquid chromatography (LC) and LC coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) methods were developed for simultaneous analysis of DEL and MAN in commercial tablets. The procedures were validated and the results were in accordance with internationally accepted requirements by specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness and detection and quantitation limits. Therefore, the methods were successfully applied for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of DEL and MAN in the tablet dosage form, showing non-significant difference (p > 0.05). The drugs stability in alkaline and photolytic conditions (for DEL and MAN, respectively) was also investigated. The main degradation products formed were analyzed by LC-UV and LC-ESI-MS methods and its identity could be suggested, without isolation or purification processes. Additionally, the degradation kinetic of both drugs and the cytotoxicity of the degraded samples were also studied. No evidence of cytotoxicity in human mononuclear cells was observed for drugs degraded samples. Furthermore, the present study also conducted the development and validation of a dissolution method for DEL and MAN combination tablets. The use of citrate buffer pH 3.2 as dissolution medium in combination with paddle at rotation of 75 rpm, resulted in an appropriate dissolution profile of both drugs, allowing the simultaneous quality control of DEL and MAN in combination tablets, as well as the ability to simulate the in vivo behavior of MAN from literature data. Then, the established procedures can be applied to improve the quality control of the products that will be marketed, as well as to contribute for assure the safety and therapeutic efficacy of the drugs

Development of the chromatographic and electrophoretic methods for the simultaneous determination of delapril and manidipine in tablets

A combinação entre o delapril (DEL), um inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina e o manidipino (MAN), um antagonista dos canais de cálcio, produz um efeito anti-hipertensivo sinérgico, podendo ser considerado um ótimo tratamento para pacientes com hipertensão essencial leve e moderada. No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos e validados métodos cromatográfico e eletroforético para avaliação simultânea de DEL e MAN em produto farmacêutico. As análises por cromatografia líquida em fase reversa (CL-FR) foram executadas utilizando coluna C8 (250 mm x 4,6 mm), mantida a 35 oC. A fase móvel foi constituída por acetonitrila e solução de trietilamina 0,3%, pH 3,0 (55:45; v/v), eluída na vazão de 1,2 mL/min com detecção a 220 nm. Paralelamente, desenvolveu-se método por eletroforese capilar, utilizando modo de separação por cromatografia eletrocinética micelar (MEKC) e ácido salicílico como padrão interno. Foi utilizado capilar de sílica fundida (comprimento efetivo de 72 cm) mantido a 35 °C, com solução eletrolítica composta de tampão borato 50 mM e dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) 5 mM, pH 9,0. Voltagem de 25 kV foi aplicada e a injeção foi de 50 mbar durante 5 s, com detecção a 208 nm. A especificidade e a capacidade dos métodos serem indicativos de estabilidade foram demonstradas através de estudos de degradação forçada dos fármacos e pela não interferência dos excipientes nas análises. Além disso, o desenho experimental Plackett-Burman foi utilizado para a avaliação da robustez, observando-se resultados adequados para ambos métodos. Os procedimentos foram validados de acordo com guias aceitos internacionalmente, observando-se resultados em uma faixa aceitável. Os métodos propostos foram aplicados com sucesso na determinação quantitativa simultânea de DEL e MAN em comprimidos, não havendo diferença significativa dos resultados (P>0,05), contribuindo, portanto, para aprimorar o controle da qualidade, assegurando a eficácia terapêutica.The combination of delapril (DEL), an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and manidipine (MAN), an antagonist of calcium channels, produces a synergic antihypertensive effect and may be regarded as an optimal antihypertensive drug treatment in mild to moderate essential hypertensive patients. The chromatographic and eletrophoretic methods for the simultaneous evaluation of DEL and MAN in pharmaceutical product were developed and validated in the present work. The reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) method was carried out on a C8 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm), maintained at 35 ºC. The mobile-phase consisted of acetonitrile and a solution of triethylamine 0.3% pH 3.0 (55:45; v/v), running at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min, with detection at 220 nm. The capillary electrophoresis method was developed using the micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) as the separation mode, and salicylic acid as internal standard. The analysis were performed on a fused-silica capillary (effective length of 72 cm) maintained at 35 °C, with 50 mM of borate buffer and 5 mM of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at pH 9.0 as background electrolyte. The separation was achieved at 25 kV applied voltage and the injection was performed at 50 mbar for 5 s, with detection at 208 nm. The specificity and stability-indicating capability of the methods were demonstrated through forced degradation studies, which also show that there is no interference of the excipients in the analysis. Moreover, the Plackett- Burman experimental design was used for robustness evaluation, giving acceptable results for both methods. The procedures were validated according to Internationals guidelines, giving results within the acceptable range. Therefore, the proposed methods were successfully applied for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of DEL and MAN in the tablet dosage form, showing non-significant difference (P>0.05), contributing to improve the quality control and to assure the therapeutic efficacy

Monolithic LC method applied to fesoterodine fumarate low dose extended-release tablets: Dissolution and release kinetics

A dissolution test for fesoterodine low dose extended-release tablets using liquid chromatographic (LC) method equipped with a C18 monolithic column was developed and validated. LC system was operated isocratically at controlled temperature (40 °C) using a mobile phase of acetonitrile:methanol:0.03 M ammonium acetate (pH 3.8) (30:15:55, v/v/v), run at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min and detected at 208 nm. The best dissolution conditions for this formulation were achieved using a USP apparatus 2 (paddle) at 100 rpm and 900 mL of phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 as the dissolution medium. Validation parameters such as the specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness were evaluated according to international guidelines, giving results within the acceptable range. The kinetic parameters of drug release were also investigated using model-dependent methods and the dissolution profiles were best described by the Higuchi model. The validated dissolution test can be applied for quality control of this formulation. Keywords: Fesoterodine, Dissolution test, Low dose extended-release tablets, Monolithic LC, Release kinetic