Modelling climatically suitable areas for mahogany (swietenia macrophylla king) and their shifts across neotropics: the role of protected areas

Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) is a species with great economic interest worldwide and is classified as vulnerable to extinction by the IUCN. Deforestation and climate change are the main hazards to this species. Therefore, it is vital to describe possible changes in distribution patterns under current and future climatic conditions, as they are important for their monitoring, conservation, and use. In the current study, we predict, for the very first time, the potential distribution of Mahogany based on data that reflect the total distribution of the species, climatic and edaphic variables, and a consensus model that combines the results of three statistical techniques. The obtained model was projected to future climatic conditions considering two general circulation models (GCM), under two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP245 and SSP585) for 2070. Predictions under current climatic conditions indicated wide adequate areas in Central American countries such as Mexico and demonstrated a coverage of up to 28.5% within the limits of the protected areas. Under future scenarios, drastic reductions were observed in different regions, particularly in Venezuela, Perú, and Ecuador, with losses of up to 56.0%. On the other hand, an increase in suitable areas for the species within protected areas was also detected. The results of this study are certainly useful for identifying currently unrecorded populations of Mahogany, as well as for identifying locations that are likely to be suitable both now and in the future for conservation management planning. The methodology proposed in this work is able to be used for other forest species in tropical zones as a tool for conducting dynamic conservation and restoration strategies that consider the effects of climate chang

Comportamiento de la tintura de propóleo sobre las inmunoglobulinas en pollos parrilleros

The present trial was carried out in the community "El Empalme", in the Quero canton, in 240 chickens by means ofnecropsies to obtain the morphometry of the primary lymphoid organs performed at 31 and 51 days of age, the birds,while for the measurement of the level of immunoglobulins, 5 mL of blood was obtained at 51 days of age, from thebrachial vein, then the levels were measured in a laboratory. The objetive was to evaluate the effects of a propylenetincture on immunoglobulins in broiler chickens. Three doses of propolis were extracted, which were 25 mg / kg PV, 50mg / kg PV, and 75 mg / Kg PV. and a witness, as a standard for the measurements of the levels, it was established that adose of 50 mg / Kg PV., of propolis improves the weight of the Bag of Fabricio, in this way helping the immune systemin the chickens, since which is the best option for BIF, this being the treatment that had the greatest measure in all theparameters used, such as the mortality rate of the primary lymphoid cells (Fabric Bag, Spleen), the levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM). It should be noted that the immunoglobulins only existed mathematical difference since it did notrise considerably above normal levels in birds at 51 days of age.El presente ensayo se llevó a cabo en la comunidad “El Empalme” ubicada en el cantón Quero, se realizó en 240 pollospor medio de necropsias para obtener la morfometria de los órganos linfoides primarios realizadas a los 31 y 51 días deedad de las aves, mientras que para la medición del nivel de inmunoglobulinas se obtuvo 5 mL de sangre a los 51 días deedad, de la vena braquial, luego se midió sus niveles en un laboratorio. El objetivo fue evaluar los efectos de la tintura depropóleo sobre las inmunoglobulinas en pollos parrilleros. Se utilizó tres dosis de propóleo que fueron 25 mg/Kg PV, 50mg/Kg PV, y 75 mg/Kg PV. y un testigo, como patrón para las mediciones de los niveles, se estableció que una dosis de50 mg/Kg PV., de propóleo mejora el peso de la Bolsa de Fabricio, de esta manera ayudando al sistema inmune en lospollos, ya que al estar funcional durante más tiempo la Bolsa incrementa la secreción de linfocitos B, siendo este eltratamiento que tuvo mayor medición en todos los parámetros usados como fueron índice morfométrico de los órganoslinfoide primarios (Bolsa de Fabricio, Bazo), niveles de inmunoglobulinas (IgG, IgM). Cabe recalcar que en las inmunoglobulinas solo existió diferencia matemática ya que no se elevó considerablemente sobre los niveles normales en aves alos 51 días de eda

La influencia del liderazgo del director en el área pedagógica del Centro Escolar Napoleón Ríos, Centro Escolar Tomás Medina y Centro Escolar Dr. Salvador Ayala del Municipio de Santa Ana, Departamento de Santa Ana, año 2018

La presente investigación titulada “La influencia del liderazgo del director en el área pedagógica del Centro Escolar Napoleón Ríos, Centro Escolar Tomás Medina y Centro Escolar Dr. Salvador Ayala del municipio de Santa Ana, departamento de Santa Ana, año 2018” se desarrolló con el objetivo analizar la influencia del liderazgo del director en la efectividad del desarrollo del área pedagógica, observando de esta manera, que su papel no está enfocado solo en el trabajo administrativ

Acumulación De Restos Lignino-Celulósicos (Necromasa) En Un Bosque Templado De Antiguo Crecimiento Dominado Por Nothofagus En El Centro- Sur De Chile

Coarse woody debris (CWD) are the necromass in wooded environments and comply with various ecosystems functions, such as seedling nursery, habitat other organisms, store carbon (C) and nutrients, etc.. Volume, necromass, and decay states of CWD dead in an old-growth temperate (OGTF) forest in Puyehue National Park, South-Central Chile were evaluated. In 10 plots of 900 m2 CWD was quantified (≥ 10 cm diameter), whose necromass classified using a scale of five categories/stages of decay, necromass (1 = lowest and 5 = highest degradation). The average forest density was 299 trees ha-1, 112 m2 ha-1 of basal area, and 2.395 m3 of stem volume. The upper arboreal stratum was dominated by N. betuloides. The greatest amount of CWD belonged to N. betuloides (95,2%), where logs (52,7%) and branches (35%), plant structures were present in greater numbers. The bulk of necromass found in advanced states of decomposition (level 4 and 5) with 56,5% and 34,1%, respectively. It was determined that the CWD volume was 632 m3 ha-1, representing a necromass of 321.5 Mg ha- 1. These results demonstrate that the old-growth temperate forests of southern Chile are significant reserves of coarse woody debris, which contributes to the biogeochemistry of these complex and remote ecosystems

Contenidos De Celulosa Y Lignina En Restos Lignino- Celulósicos De Gran Tamaño (Necromasa) En Un Bosque Templado De Antiguo Crecimiento Del Centro-Sur de Chile

The evaluation of volume, necromass, states of decay, solubility, and cellulose and lignin content in coarse woody debris (RLC) accumulated in an evergreen temperate forest of old-growth in the Puyehue National Park, South-Central Chile. Ten plots of 900 m2 each, were quantified for RLC (≥ 10 cm diameter). For necromass quantification was used a scale of five categories/states of decay, necromass (1 = lowest and 5 = highest degradation). 632 m3 ha-1 of deadwood (= 231,5 Mg ha-1 of necromass) was found, mainly represented by Nothofagus betuloides (95,2%). The wood with the most advanced state of decay (state 5) showed a greater solubility, increasing of 273,7 and 818,6 times more soluble than 1, for N. betuloides and S. conspicua, respectively. Cellulose content decreased to 91%, while the lignin increased 248% and 142% in wood decay of N. betuloides and S. conspicua, respectively. These results demonstrate the importance of RLC in the biogeochemistry of remote forest ecosystems of old-growth in Southern Chile

Incrementos dasométricos en plantaciones de Tectona grandis L. f. (Teca) en la provincia del Guayas: influencia en el entorno paisajístico de la zona

The investigation was carried out with the purpose of determining the increase in the variables diameter and height of plantations of the forest species Tectona grandis L. f. (Teak), and its influence on the landscape environment of the area that would affect the flora and fauna existing in the plantations evaluated; These data provide a projection of the time it will take for plantations of this species to be exploited, in addition to determining the impact they generate on the landscape of the area. The projection was carried out with the Maple 18 mathematical software applied to a database elaborated in the Excel program which was registered in teak plantations established in the Balzar canton of the Guayas province. It was found that over the years the forest species provides many benefits to the landscape because of its impact on the contribution to the habitat of specimens of flora and fauna, in addition that the ecological succession observed was interesting in regards to regeneration of floristic species especially in places where silvicultural management was performed. The analyzed sites are suitable for the cultivation of teak, analyzing the projections made based on the data obtained in the plots established in each of them. The growth projections made to the species under study, showed that the increase in diameter and height are practically homogeneous; the data reflect that to reach a commercial diameter the plantation needs 21 years, presenting DAP of 33.64 centimeters (1,646 cm / year) and 31,70 meters high (1.55 m / year); The ratio of height to diameter is 94, this means that the growths remain constant and the ratio is that for every centimeter that  increases in diameter, the tree increases its height approximately one meter.La investigación se la realizó con la finalidad de determinar el incremento en las variables diámetro y altura de plantaciones de la especie forestal Tectona grandis L. f. (Teca), y suinfluencia en el entorno paisajístico de la zona que afectaría a la flora y fauna existente en las plantaciones evaluadas ; estos datos proporcionan una proyección del tiempo que le tomará a las plantaciones de esta especie para ser aprovechadas, además para determinar el impacto que estas generan al paisaje de la zona. La proyección se la realizó con el software matemático Maple 18 aplicado a una base de datos elaborada en el programa Excel la cual fue registrada en plantaciones de teca establecidas en el cantón Balzar de la provincia del Guayas. Se encontró que con el transcurso de los años la especie forestal provee de muchos beneficios al paisaje por su incidencia en la aportación al hábitat de especímenes de flora y fauna, además que la sucesión ecológica observada fue interesante en lo que respecta a regeneración de especies florísticas en especial en los lugares donde se realizó manejo silvicultural. Los sitios analizados son aptos para el cultivo de la teca, analizando las proyecciones realizadas en base a los datos obtenidos en las parcelas establecidas en cada uno de ellos. Las proyecciones de crecimiento realizadas a la especie en estudio, reflejaron que el incremento en diámetro y altura son prácticamente homogéneos; los datos reflejan que para alcanzar un diámetro comercial la plantación necesita 21 años, presentando DAP de 33,64 centímetros (1,646 cm/año) y 31,70metros de altura, (1,55 m/año); la relación de altura respecto al diámetro es de 94, esto significa que los crecimientos se mantienen constantes y la relación es que por cada centímetro que incrementa en diámetro, el árbol incrementa su altura aproximadamente un metro

Problemas forestales e incidencias en el ser humano: experiencia de Gmelina arbórea en Ecuador

Forest species are not immune to phytosanitary problems generated by pathogenic microorganisms, such is the case of Gmelina arborea Roxb. (melina) that is being affected by a “vascular wilting and stem rot” in Ecuador, its etiology being unknown, generating socio-economic inconveniences due to job losses. In this sense, the objective is to analyze the incidence of these forest problems in humans. The research was descriptive-experimental, the symptoms were described, the incidence (I%) and severity of the disease were evaluated in five categories, and phytopathogens associated with diseased trees were identified. Three plantations (2, 3.5 and 5 years old) in the Ecuadorian Humid Tropics were studied. Three plots of 500 m2 were delimited, where trees were dissected, whose tissues were analyzed by means of a humid chamber, carrot sandwiches, PDA culture medium. As results the diseased trees showed chlorosis, loss of turgor, dead growth buds, emission of epicormic shoots in the stem, and wilting. The I% was 24.1%, 7.1%, and 21.3% in plantations of 2; 3.5 and 5 years, respectively and two types of fungi were identified, which worries loggers. It is concluded to strengthen the interaction between academia and society as a strategic alliance for Ecuadorian forestry development.Las especies forestales no son inmunes a problemas fitosanitarios generados por microorganismos patógenos, tal es el caso de Gmelina arborea Roxb. (melina) que está siendo afectada por una “marchitez vascular y pudrición del fuste” en Ecuador, desconociéndose su etiología, generando inconvenientes socioeconómicos por pérdidas de empleos. En ese sentido, el objetivo consiste en analizar la incidencia de estos problemas forestales en el ser humano. La investigación fue descriptiva-experimental, se describió la sintomatología, evaluó la incidencia (I%) y severidad de la enfermedad en cinco categorías, e identificó fitopatógenos asociados a árboles enfermos. Se estudiaron tres plantaciones (2; 3,5 y 5 años de edad) en el Trópico Húmedo Ecuatoriano. Se delimitaron tres parcelas de 500 m2, donde se diseccionaron árboles, cuyos tejidos se analizaron mediante cámara húmeda, sándwiches de zanahoria, medio de cultivo PDA. Como resultados los árboles enfermos mostraron clorosis, pérdida de turgencia, yemas de crecimiento muertas, emisión de brotes epicormicos en el fuste, y marchitez. La I% fue del 24,1%, 7,1%, y 21,3% en plantaciones de 2; 3,5 y 5 años, respectivamente y se identificaron dos tipos de hongos, lo cual preocupa a los madereros. Se concluye, en fortalecer la interacción academia-sociedad como alianza estratégica para el desarrollo forestal ecuatoriano

Taladradores de la madera (Scolytidae) en plantaciones de Tectona grandis L.f. (teca) del Trópico ecuatoriano

The present research aimed to identify and determine the abundance and diversity index of the scolithids associated with the disease of vascular wilt and regressive death of plantations of Tectona grandis L. f. (teak). This study was carried out in four provinces of the Ecuadorian coast, which were the provinces of Los Ríos, Guayas, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas and Esmeraldas. To determine the abundance and diversity index of scolithids, we proceeded to identify trees that presented symptoms of regressive death and vascular wilting, then nine diseased trees were felled per site and sectioned every four meters, later the wood was opened for the collection of insects following their galleries, which were deposited in bottles with 70 ° alcohol, for the respective identification with the help of a stereomicroscope and dichotomous keys. The most abundant scolithids found within the wood of diseased teak trees were: Xyleborus ferrugineus, Coptoborus sp. and Premnobius cavipennis.La presente investigación tuvo como objetivos identificar y determinar la abundancia e índice de diversidad de los escolítidos asociados con la enfermedad de marchitez vascular y muerte regresiva de plantaciones de Tectona grandis L. f. (teca). Este estudio fue realizado en cuatro provincias de la costa ecuatoriana las cuales fueron provincias de Los Ríos, Guayas, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas y Esmeraldas. Para determinar la abundancia e índice de diversidad de escolítidos, se procedió a identificar árboles que presentaban sintomatología de muerte regresiva y marchitez vascular, luego fueron apeados nueve árboles enfermos por sitio y seccionados cada cuatro metros, posterior se procedió abrir la madera para la recolección de insectos siguiendo sus galerías, los cuales fueron depositados en frascos con alcohol de 70°, para la respectiva identificación con la ayuda de un estereomicroscopio y claves dicotómicas. Los escolítidos más abundantes que se encontraron dentro de la madera de árboles de teca enfermos fueron: Xyleborus ferrugineus, Coptoborus sp. y Premnobius cavipennis

Botanical Collection Patterns and Conservation Categories of the Most Traded Timber Species from the Ecuadorian Amazon: The Role of Protected Areas

The Ecuadorian Amazon is home to a rich biodiversity of woody plant species. Nonetheless, their conservation remains difficult, as some areas remain poorly explored and lack georeferenced records. Therefore, the current study aims predominantly to analyze the collection patterns of timber species in the Amazon lowlands of Ecuador and to evaluate the conservation coverage of these species in protected areas. Furthermore, we try to determine the conservation category of the species according to the criteria of the IUCN Red List. We identified that one third of the timber species in the study area was concentrated in three provinces due to historical botanical expeditions. However, a worrying 22.0% of the species had less than five records of presence, and 29.9% had less than ten records, indicating a possible underestimation of their presence. In addition, almost half of the species evaluated were unprotected, exposing them to deforestation risks and threats. To improve knowledge and conservation of forest biodiversity in the Ecuadorian Amazon, it is recommended to perform new botanical samplings in little-explored areas and digitize data in national herbaria. It is critical to implement automated assessments of the conservation status of species with insufficient data. In addition, it is suggested to use species distribution models to identify optimal areas for forest restoration initiatives. Effective communication of results and collaboration between scientists, governments, and local communities are key to the protection and sustainable management of forest biodiversity in the Amazon region

Hongos de micorriza arbuscular presentes en ochroma pyramidale (cav. Ex lam.) urb. (balsa) en ecuador

It was proposed to know the genera of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated withplantations of Ochroma pyramidale(balsa) and their level of root infection. Plantations of 1; 2; 3; 4; 5.5; and 7 years (six in total) were located and analyzed, distributed in the center of the Ecuadorian Humid Tropic (EHT). In each plantation, three 500 m2 plots were delimited, where at a depth of 0-15 cm three soil samples (approximately 1 kg) and rootlets were collected to estimate the percentage of root colonization. The isolation and identification of AMF at the genus level and the estimation of mycorrhizal colonization were carried out using the sieving methodology, wet decantation with centrifugation, and depigmentation -root staining. Four genera of AMF were detected: Glomus, Acaulospora,Scutellospora, and Gigaspora, the Glomusgenus prevailing in all the plantations studied, with populations between 27 and 169 spores per 100 grams of dry soil (g-1ds), being the four-year-old plantations where the largest populations were found, while the other genera showed low representativeness at all ages. Low root mycorrhizal colonization was determined in the plantations studied, with ranges from 0.28% to 0.65%, colonization percentages lower than those reported for other woody species in the regionSe planteó conocer los géneros de hongos formadores de micorriza arbuscular (HMA) asociados a plantaciones de Ochroma pyramidale(balsa) y su nivel de infección radicular. Se localizaron y analizaron plantaciones de 1; 2; 3; 4; 5,5; y 7 años (seis en total) distribuidas en el centro del Trópico Húmedo Ecuatoriano (THE). En cada plantación se delimitó tres parcelas de 500 m2, donde a una profundidad de 0 –15 cm se colectaron tres muestras de suelo (aproximadamente 1 kg), y raicillas para estimar el porcentaje de colonización radicular.El aislamiento e identificación de los HMA a nivel de género y la estimación de colonización micorrizica se realizó mediante la metodología detamizado, decantación en húmedo con centrifugación, y despigmentación –tinción de raíces. Se detectaron cuatro géneros de HMA: Glomus, Acaulospora, Scutellospora, y Gigaspora, predominando el género Glomusen todas las plantaciones estudiadas, con poblaciones entre 27 y 169 esporas por 100 gramos de suelo seco (g-1ss), siendo las plantaciones de cuatro años donde se encontró las mayores poblaciones, mientras que los demás géneros mostraron baja representatividad en todas las edades. Se determinó baja colonización micorrízica radicular en las plantaciones estudiadas, con rangos de 0,28% a 0,65%, porcentajes de colonización menores a los reportados para otras especies leñosas en la región