Oil palm based cellulose esters as raw material for environmentally friendly bio-plastic

Besides producing oil, oil palm is also produces huge amount of biomass such as empty fruit bunch. Both of those products had a potential to be used as a source of plastic raw materials called bio-plastics. Long-chain fatty acid source can be obtained from crude palm oil (palmitic acid and oleic acid) and palm kernel oil (lauric acid) while cellulose can be obtained from oil palm empty fruit bunch waste (OPEFB). Cellulose was produced from OPEFB by alkaline process on pilot plant scale. The yield of α-cellulose obtained as much as 32-38% of the OPEFB processed. The cellulose ester was synthesized by esterification reaction between cellulose of OPEFB and modified fatty acid from palm oil in a mild condition. Conversion of cellulose ester produced reached 92.7% with percent increase weight reach 460%, Degree Substitution (DS) 2.21 and melting point 201 oC. The tensile strength of the cellulose ester film was lower than tensile strength of petroleum-based plastics (Low Density Poly Ethylene/LDPE), which averaged 73 kg/cm2 versus 108 kg/cm2, so it was necessary to add additives to increase tensile strength and elasticity properties

OPTIMASI PROSES PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI ASAM LEMAK SAWIT DISTILAT (ALSD) DAN DIMETHYL CARBONATE (DMC) MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS NOVOZYM®435

Biodiesel production has rapidly grown over the last decades, and it has attracted much attention in the market as fuel that promising substitute for petroleum diesel, because its physical and chemical properties and energy content are similar to those of petroleum diesel. The main problem in producing biodiesel is its high cost which could be reduced by use of less expensive feedstock. Therefore, in this work biodiesel is synthesized by enzymatic esterification from low quality feedstock which is unrefined and much cheaper than the refined oil, such as palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) with dialkyl carbonate using immobilized lipase (Novozym®435). Enzymatic process has certain advantages over the chemical process, as it is less energy intensive, allowing the esterification of glycerides with high free fatty acid contents (PFAD, 85-95% FFA) and no enzymatic activity loss. Methanol replaced by dialkyl carbonate, especially DMC due to esterification (methanolysis) is close to equilibrium reaction whereas using DMC the intermediate compound immediately decomposes to carbon dioxide and an alcohol, which have been investigated. Moreover, DMC are cheap, eco-friendly chemical, non-toxic properties and widely available. Factors affecting the reaction such as DMC to PFAD molar ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time and catalyst concentration were systematically analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD). The optimal condition is using 6:1 molar ratio of DMC to PFAD at 60 oC, for a reaction time 3h in the presence 10wt% of catalyst (based on oil weight). The results showed that synthesis of biodiesel through enzymatic esterification using PFAD suitable for biodiesel production

PENGARUH VARIASI VARIABEL REAKSI PADA PROSES EKSTRAKSI REAKTIF MESOKARP SAWIT UNTUK MENGHASILKAN BIODIESEL

The conventional method for the production of biodiesel needed the oil that is extracted from the biomass before it can be transesterified into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Reactive extraction can be used to produce biodiesel with high-yield, low production costs, reduce the reaction time and the use of reagents and co-solvents, making it easier to produce biodiesel. In this study, reactive extraction applied to produce biodiesel from palm fruit mesocarp extracted using dimethyl carbonate as a solvent and reagents, and novozym®435 as a catalyst. Methanol was replaced by dialkyl carbonates, particularly dimethyl carbonate. Dimethyl carbonate can be used as a solvent and as a reagent, so reactive extraction is very easy to apply. The parameters will be study are reaction temperature (50, 60, and 70 °C), reaction time (8, 16, 24 hours), the molar ratio of reactants (50: 1, 60: 1, 70: 1 n/n ), the concentration of novozym® 435 (5%, 10%, 15% wt).The results showed that the highest biodiesel yield can be achivied at conditions temperature of 60 °C, reaction time 24 hours, molar ratio of reactants palm mesocarp to DMC 1:60, and novozym®435 concentration of 10wt%. The results showed that the synthesis of biodiesel via reactive extraction using palm mesocarp as raw material requires a low production cost

Oil Palm Based Cellulose Esters as Raw Material for Environmentally Friendly Bio-plastic

Besides producing oil, oil palm is also produces huge amount of biomass such as empty fruit bunch.  Both of those products had a potential to be used as a source of plastic raw materials called bio-plastics. Long-chain fatty acid source can be obtained from crude palm oil (palmitic acid and oleic acid) and palm kernel oil (lauric acid) while cellulose can be obtained from oil palm empty fruit bunch waste (OPEFB). Cellulose was produced from OPEFB by alkaline process on pilot plant scale. The yield of α-cellulose obtained as much as 32-38% of the OPEFB processed. The cellulose ester was synthesized by esterification reaction between cellulose of OPEFB and modified fatty acid from palm oil in a mild condition. Conversion of cellulose ester produced reached 92.7% with percent increase weight reach 460%, Degree Substitution (DS)  2.21 and melting point 201 oC. The tensile strength of the cellulose ester film was lower than tensile strength of petroleum-based plastics (Low Density Poly Ethylene/LDPE), which averaged 73 kg/cm2 versus 108 kg/cm2, so it was necessary to add additives to increase tensile strength and elasticity properties

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI Li YANG DI-DOPING KE DALAM KATALIS CaO TERHADAP REAKSI TRANSESTERIFIKASI MINYAK SAWIT

The development of biodiesel which is derived  from Crude Palm Oil (CPO) shows a risingtrend  forpetroleum-based energy reserves are running low.Oil palm is the largestplantation commodity in Indonesia, so, it has high potential as raw material of biodiesel.Transesterification is a reaction of producingbiodiesel (methyl ester). Nevertheless, CPO is easy to be degraded byhydrolysis, so, it couldincrease the amount of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content which hampers transesterification process. As a consequence, there is formation of soaps as side product. Tomaximize the production of biodiesel which is derived frompalm oil that contains of large amount of  FFA (low grade CPO)  one of the waysis by applying catalyst through doped-process. This research is held togive  information about the effect of Li+ion concentration (inLiNO3 form) which is doped to calcium oxide (CaO) to palm oil transesterification with the large amount ofFFA to produce methyl ester, attemperature of 120oC,the ratio of methanol:CPO = 12:1 (mol/mol), catalyst amount 2,5% (w/w) CPO, for 3,5 hours and usespressured reactor. The variable of research is Liconcentration that isdoped to CaO with concentration:  0%, 1% and 4% (w/w) CaO. The parameter test is methyl ester content that is derived from the result of transesterification with GasChromatography (GC) analysis. The research shows that Li+ion that is doped to CaO catalyst could increase the reaction of methyl ester production which is derived from low grade CPO with FFA>3,5 %, in which the finest of Liconcentration that is doped to CaO is 1%, with result of 90,88% methyl ester

OPTIMASI SINTESIS BIOSURFAKTAN KARBOHIDRAT ESTER DARI ASAM PALMITAT DAN FRUKTOSA MENGGUNAKAN ENZIM LIPASE TERIMOBILISASI

Carbohydrate ester is one of many needed nonionic surfactant groups and has the potential to be an environmental friendly surfactant. The principal problem in the synthesis of carbohydrate ester is to obtain the optimum conversion of palmitic acid from temperature influence, the amount of biocatalyst and reaction time. The optimization of carbohydrate ester synthesis is carried out on three variables that influence the esterification reaction. Therefore, the esterification process is carried out by reacting directly the palmitic acid and fructose using a Novozyme®435 an immobilized lipase enzyme catalyst with a free variable of reaction temperature of 41,5 oC, 45 oC, 50 oC, 55 oC, 58,4 oC, the  amount of biocatalyst is 6,63%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 13,36% mass based palmitic acid also reaction time of 7,6 hours; 24 hours; 48 hours; 72 hours; 88,3 hours and reacted with fixed variable in 500 rpm; 3:1 substrate ratio (fructose:palmitic acid) and solvent amount 10 ml. The mixture is then separated from the catalyst by filtration. The product was analyzed with determination of acid number to obtain conversion percent of fructose ester, determination of Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) an surface tension determination. The optimum conversion rate obtained is 61,80% at 55 oC of reaction temperature, Novozyme®435 enzyme count is 12% and 72 hours of reaction time. From the result of fructose ester surfactant analysis obtained HLB 10,592 value which showed fructose ester surfactant can be used as emulsifier of oil in water

OPTIMASI SINTESIS BIOSURFAKTAN LAURIL AMIDA DARI ASAM LAURAT DAN DIETANOLAMINA MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT HEXANE DAN ENZIM LIPASE TERIMOBILISASI

Lauril amide is one of nonionic surfactant and has potency to become an ecofriendly surfactant. The main problem on lauril amide synthesis is the low conversion of lauric acid. Optimation of lauril amide synthesis is done with three variabels which give influence of amidation reaction. One stage amidation was done by reacting lauric acid with diethanolamine using catalyst Novozyme 435® with substrate ratio lauric acid:diethanolamine 1:1; 2:1; 3:1; 4:1; 5:1, amount of catalyst 1,8; 4; 7; 10; 11,8% from lauric acid total amount, solvent ratio 0; 1:1; 2:1; 3:1; 4:1 from lauric acid total amount and reacted for 24 hours with temperature reaction 55oC and 500 rpm. Product is separated from catalyst using filtration method and then purified by washing with acetone and heated at temperature of 90 oC to remove solvent. Product has been analyzed with acid value to obtained percent conversion of lauril amide, determine of Hydrophilic Liphophilic Balance value, spectroscopy Fourier Transform Infrared and determine of critical micelle concentrasion. Percent conversion optimum has obtained 86,16% at condition substrate ratio 1:1, enzyme concentration Novozyme 435® 7% and solvent ratio 2:1. Analysis result of lauril amide surfactant gave the hidrophile liphophile balance value about 11,93, it means that lauril amide surfactant can be used as emultion oil in water

Lipase catalyzed transesterification of plant oils with dialkyl carbonates

Dialkyl carbonates, especially dimethyl- and diethyl carbonate, have been explored as raw materials for lipase-catalyzed methyl and ethyl ester synthesis and as organic solvents for oilseed extraction. Palm kernels and other potential tropical oilseeds were used as raw materials for this study. The lipase B from Candida antarctica (in the immobilized forms: Novozym 435 and Candida B. Silica), was found to be effective for transesterifying palm kernel oil and other plant oils with either dimethyl or diethyl carbonate. Some key aspects of lipase-catalyzed ester synthesis such as the source of the alkyl donor, the role of water, and the effect of temperature were also investigated. Two methods of reactive extraction were also examined in this study. The first method is soxhlet reactive extraction under reduced pressure. Using palm kernels, the best temperature for soxhlet extraction was 60oC (consequently 360 mbar), solvent/seed ratio of 7.3 ml dimethyl carbonate/g seed and addition of 0.2% water to the solvent. Under this condition 55% (% w/w of seed) lipid was extracted and of that 60% was converted to methyl esters. The second method is in-situ reactive extraction (i.e. extraction and transesterification in the same pot and at the normal pressure). By addition of 0.2% water, after 24 hour reactive extraction yielded 59% (w/w of seed) and about 90% ester thereof

Identifying opportunities to manage palm oil mill effluent (POME):the case of Indonesia

The palm oil agroindustry produces the most consumed vegetable oil in the world but also a significant quantity of residual biomass waste (e.g. empty fruit bunch, shell, palm oil mill effluent). The importance of using some of these residues for energy production is widely understood. However, the palm oil mill effluent (POME), which is responsible for the highest share of GHG emissions in palm oil production, is still conventionally treated in an unsustainable way. This research aims at investigating alternatives to retrofit Indonesian palm oil mills into biorefineries that could efficiently use POME to produce value-added products (e.g. electricity, compost and pellet). We present a literature review of mature treatments for biomass residues highlighting the most promising ones. Subsequently, biorefinery concepts are proposed comprising conversion technologies and the use of POME with other palm residues aimed at maximizing revenues while reducing environmental impact. The results are then evaluated through a multi-criteria analysis accounting for techno-economic, environmental and social impacts. The study demonstrates that POME treatment can be done in a profitable way resulting in significant reduction of methane emissions. The most interesting option is to generate electricity from biogas and use it on site to produce high-value products such as pellets and crude palm kernel oil. Biorefinery concepts are an opportunity for mill owners to comply with strict environmental regulations while generating extra profits.QC 20181009</p

Identifying opportunities to manage palm oil mill effluent (POME):the case of Indonesia

The palm oil agroindustry produces the most consumed vegetable oil in the world but also a significant quantity of residual biomass waste (e.g. empty fruit bunch, shell, palm oil mill effluent). The importance of using some of these residues for energy production is widely understood. However, the palm oil mill effluent (POME), which is responsible for the highest share of GHG emissions in palm oil production, is still conventionally treated in an unsustainable way. This research aims at investigating alternatives to retrofit Indonesian palm oil mills into biorefineries that could efficiently use POME to produce value-added products (e.g. electricity, compost and pellet). We present a literature review of mature treatments for biomass residues highlighting the most promising ones. Subsequently, biorefinery concepts are proposed comprising conversion technologies and the use of POME with other palm residues aimed at maximizing revenues while reducing environmental impact. The results are then evaluated through a multi-criteria analysis accounting for techno-economic, environmental and social impacts. The study demonstrates that POME treatment can be done in a profitable way resulting in significant reduction of methane emissions. The most interesting option is to generate electricity from biogas and use it on site to produce high-value products such as pellets and crude palm kernel oil. Biorefinery concepts are an opportunity for mill owners to comply with strict environmental regulations while generating extra profits.QC 20181009</p