Classical Electron Model with Negative Energy Density in Einstein-Cartan Theory of Gravitation

Experimental result regarding the maximum limit of the radius of the electron \sim 10^{-16} cm and a few of the theoretical works suggest that the gravitational mass which is a priori a positive quantity in Newtonian mechanics may become negative in general theory of relativity. It is argued that such a negative gravitational mass and hence negative energy density also can be obtained with a better physical interpretation in the framework of Einstein-Cartan theory.Comment: 12 Latex pages, added refs and conclusion

A review of information flow diagrammatic models for product-service systems

A product-service system (PSS) is a combination of products and services to create value for both customers and manufacturers. Modelling a PSS based on function orientation offers a useful way to distinguish system inputs and outputs with regards to how data are consumed and information is used, i.e. information flow. This article presents a review of diagrammatic information flow tools, which are designed to describe a system through its functions. The origin, concept and applications of these tools are investigated, followed by an analysis of information flow modelling with regards to key PSS properties. A case study of selection laser melting technology implemented as PSS will then be used to show the application of information flow modelling for PSS design. A discussion based on the usefulness of the tools in modelling the key elements of PSS and possible future research directions are also presented

Tunable Band Gap in Graphene with a Non-Centrosymmetric Superlattice Potential

We show that, if graphene is subjected to the potential from an external superlattice, a band gap develops at the Dirac point provided the superlattice potential has broken inversion symmetry. As a numerical example, we calculate the band structure of graphene in the presence of an external potential due to periodically patterned gates arranged in a triangular graphene superlattice (TGS) with broken inversion symmetry, and find that a band gap is created at both the original and "second generation" Dirac point. The gap can be controlled, in principle, by changing the external potential and the lattice constant of the TGS.Comment: 6 figures, Phys. Rev. B 79, 20543

Radiative interactions in chemically reacting supersonic internal flows

The two-dimensional, elliptic Navier-Stokes equations are used to investigate supersonic flows with finite-rate chemistry and radiation for hydrogen-air systems. The chemistry source terms in the species equation is treated implicitly to alleviate the stiffness associated with fast reactions. The explicit, unsplit MacCormack finite-difference scheme is used to advance the governing equations in time, until convergence is achieved. The specific problem considered is the premixed flow in a channel with a ten-degree compression ramp. Three different chemistry models are used, accounting for increasing number of reactions and participating species. Two chemistry models assure nitrogen as inert, while the third model accounts for nitrogen reactions and NO(x) formation. The tangent slab approximation is used in the radiative flux formulation. A pseudo-gray model is used to represent the absorption-emission characteristics of the participating species. Results obtained for specific conditions indicate that the radiative interactions vary substantially, depending on reactions involving HO2 and NO species and that this can have a significant influence on the flowfield

Evaluation of the state-of-the-art in informatics in glucometers

This review evaluated the level of informatics in glucometers through an assessment of the quantity and types of information and advice provided to users. Manufacturer websites were investigated and the characteristics of glucometers were examined. One hundred glucometers from 27 manufacturers were analysed. Many glucometers contained simple informatics features and five also contained on-device graphing features for users to monitor trends. Some manufacturers have extended informatics via external software. A small number of glucometers provided knowledge for the user by, for example, simple embedded decision support protocols. However, it is suggested that glucometers could better serve as primary care devices through the incorporation of more decision support directly on the device

Studies on the interference of wings and propeller slipstreams

The small disturbance potential flow theory is applied to determine the lift of an airfoil in a nonuniform parallel stream. The given stream is replaced by an equivalent stream with a certain number of velocity discontinuities, and the influence of these discontinuities is obtained by the method of images. Next, this method is extended to the problem of an airfoil in a nonuniform stream of smooth velocity profile. This model allows perturbation velocity potential in a rotational undisturbed stream. A comparison of these results with numerical solutions of Euler equations indicates that, although approximate, the present method provides useful information about the interaction problem while avoiding the need to solve the Euler equations