Wireless Sensor Network with MIHOP technique & Mobile Sink

Various radio applications in wireless sensor network where sensor nod es operate on batteries so that energy consumption must be minimized while satisfying given throughput and delay requirements . A major portion of the energy expenditure is when the nodes close to the sensor network gateways used for data collection typical ly suffer a large overhead as these nodes must relay on data from the remaining network. In this paper we discuss various existing energy efficient schemes for WSN and one new method to achieve efficiency , is proposed. The MIHOP (MIMO and Multi - hop) meth od combines cluster - based virtual MIMO and multi - hop technologies. The multi hop mode is employed in transmitting data when the related sensors are located within a specific number of hops from the sink, and the virtual MIMO mode is used in transmitting da ta from the remaining sensor nodes. A controllable mobile sink that reduces the energy consumed in sensor transmission is also adopted fo r data collection

Učinak granulirane mineralne melase ureje na vrenje u buragu i biokemijske pokazatelje u krvi jaradi hranjene s Aeschonomene indica Linn

A study was conducted on twenty graded jamunapari goat kids fed on four different groups. Group I was fed solely on roughage, i.e. sola (Aeschonomene indica Linn) grass hay and rice straw (70:30). Groups II, III and IV were fed on de-oiled rice bran (100 g/d), urea molasses mineral granules (50 g/d) and urea molasses mineral granules (50 g/d) plus fi sh meal (25 g/d). The experiment lasted for 105 days. The effect of supplementing urea molasses mineral granules and fi shmeal was studied on rumen parameters, viz. microbial protein, bacterial and protozoal biomass and blood biochemical constituents, viz. BUN, plasma creatinine, glucose, total protein, Ca and P. Enzymatic activity for alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were also measured. The microbial protein synthesis was higher in group III (42.94 g/100 ml) and IV (57.04 g/100 ml) as compared to control (I) and II. There was a signifi cant improvement of bacterial biomass (0.057 g/100 ml) and (0.082 g/100 ml). Similarly, bacterial and protozoal populations also become affected due to supplementation of fermentable-N and bypass protein, like fishmeal in the diet. The BUN was signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher in group III (28.88 mg/100 ml) and IV (30.35 mg/100 ml) compared to control (I) and group II. Similarly, the activity of alkaline phosphatase was found to be higher in group III (29.77KA units) and IV (44.26 KA units), reflecting the better growth of kids in these groups. Other enzymatic activities were found to be unaffected. Concentration of plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorus were significantly (P<0.05) increased in groups III (9.85 and 9.93 mg/ 100 ml) and IV (7.57 and 8.31 mg/100 ml) compared to other groups. It is inferred that supplementation of fermentable-N and fishmeal in a catalytic amount increases the activity of bacterial and protozoal populations, some blood components and enzymatic activity which could support the growth of kids.Istraživanje je provedeno na 20 jaradi jamunapari pasmine. Prema načinu hranidbe, jarad je razvrstana u 4 skupine. Prva skupina hranjena je isključivo voluminoznom krmom - sijenom Aeschonomene indica Linn i rižinom slamom (70:30). Obrok 2., 3. i 4. skupine sastojao se od odmašćenih rižinih posija (100 g/d), granulirane mineralne melase ureje (50 g/d) i granulirane mineralne melase ureje (50 g/d) s dodatkom ribljeg brašna (25 g/d). Pokus je trajao 105 dana. Utjecaj dodavanja granulirane mineralne melase ureje i ribljeg brašna istraživan je na pokazateljima buraga odnosno mikrobnih bjelančevina, bakterijske i protozoalne biomase i biokemijskih pokazatelja u krvi, tj. BUN, kreatinina plazme, glukoze, ukupnog proteina, kalcija i fosfora. Također je određivana i aktivnost enzima alkalne fosfataze, aspartat transaminaze i alanin transaminaze. Sinteza mikrobnih proteina bila je veća u skupinama 3 (42,94 g/100 ml) i 4 (57,04 g/100 ml) u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom i skupinom 2. Značajno je povećana i bakterijska biomasa (0,057 g/100 ml odnosno 0,082 g/100 ml). Slično, bakterijska i protozoalna populacija su bile pod utjecajem dodatka «bypass» bjelančevina koje u obroku potječu od ribljeg brašna. BUN je bio statistički značajno (P<0,05) veći u skupini 3 (28,88 mg/100 ml) i 4 (30,35 mg/100 ml), a u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom (1) i skupinom 2. Također, utvrđena je veća aktivnost alkalne fosfataze u skupini 3 (29,77 KA jedinica) i 4 (44,26 KA jedinica), što je imalo utjecaja na bolji rast jaradi u tim skupinama. Aktivnosti ostalih enzima nisu bile promijenjene. Koncentracije kalcija u plazmi i fosfora bile su statistički značajno (P<0,05) povećane u skupinama 3 (9,85 i 9,93 mg/100 ml) i 4 (7,57 i 8,31 mg/100 ml) u usporedbi s drugim skupinama. Za pretpostaviti je da dodavanje fermentirajućeg-N i ribljeg brašna, u količinama koje djeluju katalitički, povećava aktivnost bakterijske i protozoalne populacije, podiže razinu nekih pokazatelja u krvi i aktivnost enzima. Navedeno može poboljšati rast jaradi

MANAGEMENT OF COGNITIVE DECLINE DURING AGEING: EVIDENCES FROM AYURVEDA

Deterioration in the levels of vital capacity, memory and intellectual abilities are commonly observed in geriatric age group. The prevalence of age related cognitive decline is becoming an important public health concern as there is premature ageing due various environmental and lifestyle changes. According to the surveillance studies 15% people are suffering from moderate to severe cognitive decline/dementia after the age of 65 years. If left unchecked, symptoms most of the times progress into more serious conditions, such as dementia and depression, or even Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia accounts for one of the major disability in older people. Alzheimer’s disease is now recognized as the most common disorder of dementia. Cognitive decline in advanced age make the person handicap for his daily activities of living and pose burden on his family and society. Rasayana in Ayurveda are the drugs which are known to specifically improve the body tissues and possess adaptogenic activity and therefore delay premature ageing process. Some of the Rasayana are specific to brain tissue known as Medhyarasayana. Present article reviews the evidences regarding the efficacy of Ayurveda Medhya rasayana drugs on prevention and management of cognitive decline in advanced age

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG as an Effective Probiotic for Murine Giardiasis

The gut microflora is an important constituent in the intestinal mucosal barrier and has been introduced as the concept of probiotic therapy that beneficially affects the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to explore the protective potential of various lactobacilli strains for murine giardiasis. By experimentation, it was found that the probiotic supplementation of either Lactobacillus casei, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, or L. rhamnosus GG, 7 days prior to inoculation with G. lamblia trophozoites, reduced the rate of cyst excretion compared with Giardia-infected mice. Interestingly, L. GG was found to be the most effective probiotic in reducing the duration of giardia cycle and acts as an effective prophylactic probiotic for murine giardiasis but needs to be clinically correlated due to entirely different human microflora

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF EDIBLE OIL NANOEMULSIONS FOR ENHANCED STABILITY AND ORAL DELIVERY OF CURCUMIN

Objective: This work aims to improve the oral bioavailability and long-term aqueous stability of curcumin using various edible oil nanoemulsions (NEs).Methods: NEs were optimized using the water titration method. Curcumin was loaded into optimized emulsions, and the physicochemical characteristics were determined. Long-term stability of curcumin in the edible oil NEs was analyzed by determining the droplet size, PDI and curcumin concentrations over 4 mo. Release of curcumin from the NEs was determined using a Franz diffusion apparatus and analysed using 5 mathematical models.Results: The absorbance of curcumin was linear over the concentration range of 1 to 10 μg. ml-1. The LOD and LOQ ranged from 0.57 to 1.26μg. ml-1 and 1.89 to 4.19μg. ml-1 respectively. All the NEs were monodisperse and had a droplet size less than 150 nm. Long-term emulsion stability shows no change in droplet size and PI (Dunnett's multiple comparisons test with a confidence interval of 95%). Olive oil NE showed significantly low release in gastric fluid (9.28%) with a good release (92.99%) in intestinal fluid and 48% in a body fluid by 8 h.Conclusion: The work highlights the use of olive oil NEs as a delivery vehicle for curcumin with excellent release characteristics and the ability to protect curcumin in an aqueous environment

Drought Stress in Millets and Its Response Mechanism

Drought is a major abiotic stress that diminishes crop yield and weakens global food security, especially in the current emerging situation of climate change as well as increases in the prevalence and severity of stress elements. Millets are nutrient-dense and capable to resist variety of harsh environmental conditions, including lack of moisture. Millet’s crop has evolved dynamically in terms of morphology, physiology, and biochemically that allow them to flee and/or adapt to adverse environmental situations. Drought stress has a significant impact on the vegetative and reproductive phases of plants. Millets generate a very low yield compared to main cereals like wheat and rice, despite their agronomic, nutritional, and health-related benefits. It is necessary to understand how these complex features are regulated and ameliorated the impact of droughts on millet productivity. Keeping this in view, the present work aims to understand the processes used for reducing the negative impacts of droughts in the production of millets varieties using advanced agronomic management strategies (use of information technology) and the biotechnology (improvements in crop genetics)

Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial

Background Findings from the RESTART trial suggest that starting antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage compared with avoiding antiplatelet therapy. Brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases (such as cerebral microbleeds) are associated with greater risks of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage. We did subgroup analyses of the RESTART trial to explore whether these brain imaging features modify the effects of antiplatelet therapy

Approaches in biotechnological applications of natural polymers

Natural polymers, such as gums and mucilage, are biocompatible, cheap, easily available and non-toxic materials of native origin. These polymers are increasingly preferred over synthetic materials for industrial applications due to their intrinsic properties, as well as they are considered alternative sources of raw materials since they present characteristics of sustainability, biodegradability and biosafety. As definition, gums and mucilages are polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates consisting of one or more monosaccharides or their derivatives linked in bewildering variety of linkages and structures. Natural gums are considered polysaccharides naturally occurring in varieties of plant seeds and exudates, tree or shrub exudates, seaweed extracts, fungi, bacteria, and animal sources. Water-soluble gums, also known as hydrocolloids, are considered exudates and are pathological products; therefore, they do not form a part of cell wall. On the other hand, mucilages are part of cell and physiological products. It is important to highlight that gums represent the largest amounts of polymer materials derived from plants. Gums have enormously large and broad applications in both food and non-food industries, being commonly used as thickening, binding, emulsifying, suspending, stabilizing agents and matrices for drug release in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In the food industry, their gelling properties and the ability to mold edible films and coatings are extensively studied. The use of gums depends on the intrinsic properties that they provide, often at costs below those of synthetic polymers. For upgrading the value of gums, they are being processed into various forms, including the most recent nanomaterials, for various biotechnological applications. Thus, the main natural polymers including galactomannans, cellulose, chitin, agar, carrageenan, alginate, cashew gum, pectin and starch, in addition to the current researches about them are reviewed in this article.. }To the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfíico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for fellowships (LCBBC and MGCC) and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nvíel Superior (CAPES) (PBSA). This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit, the Project RECI/BBB-EBI/0179/2012 (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027462) and COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684) (JAT)

Effects of antiplatelet therapy after stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage (RESTART): a randomised, open-label trial

Background: Antiplatelet therapy reduces the risk of major vascular events for people with occlusive vascular disease, although it might increase the risk of intracranial haemorrhage. Patients surviving the commonest subtype of intracranial haemorrhage, intracerebral haemorrhage, are at risk of both haemorrhagic and occlusive vascular events, but whether antiplatelet therapy can be used safely is unclear. We aimed to estimate the relative and absolute effects of antiplatelet therapy on recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage and whether this risk might exceed any reduction of occlusive vascular events. Methods: The REstart or STop Antithrombotics Randomised Trial (RESTART) was a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint, parallel-group trial at 122 hospitals in the UK. We recruited adults (≥18 years) who were taking antithrombotic (antiplatelet or anticoagulant) therapy for the prevention of occlusive vascular disease when they developed intracerebral haemorrhage, discontinued antithrombotic therapy, and survived for 24 h. Computerised randomisation incorporating minimisation allocated participants (1:1) to start or avoid antiplatelet therapy. We followed participants for the primary outcome (recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage) for up to 5 years. We analysed data from all randomised participants using Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusted for minimisation covariates. This trial is registered with ISRCTN (number ISRCTN71907627). Findings: Between May 22, 2013, and May 31, 2018, 537 participants were recruited a median of 76 days (IQR 29–146) after intracerebral haemorrhage onset: 268 were assigned to start and 269 (one withdrew) to avoid antiplatelet therapy. Participants were followed for a median of 2·0 years (IQR [1·0– 3·0]; completeness 99·3%). 12 (4%) of 268 participants allocated to antiplatelet therapy had recurrence of intracerebral haemorrhage compared with 23 (9%) of 268 participants allocated to avoid antiplatelet therapy (adjusted hazard ratio 0·51 [95% CI 0·25–1·03]; p=0·060). 18 (7%) participants allocated to antiplatelet therapy experienced major haemorrhagic events compared with 25 (9%) participants allocated to avoid antiplatelet therapy (0·71 [0·39–1·30]; p=0·27), and 39 [15%] participants allocated to antiplatelet therapy had major occlusive vascular events compared with 38 [14%] allocated to avoid antiplatelet therapy (1·02 [0·65–1·60]; p=0·92). Interpretation: These results exclude all but a very modest increase in the risk of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage with antiplatelet therapy for patients on antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of occlusive vascular disease when they developed intracerebral haemorrhage. The risk of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage is probably too small to exceed the established benefits of antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention