An Innovative Design of a Dual Axis Automatic Tracking Solar Power Generation System with Improved Performance in Different Environmental Conditions

The term solar energy refers to the radiation in light energy and the heat of the sun that is received in a high amount. The solar energy that is received from the sun reaches the surface from the 6 surface layers that travel from the sun to power the environment. Some parts of solar energy can be converted into electrical energy, and the maximum solar energy is transmitted or reflected in the environment. Solar energy can be converted and used to the fullest extent possible while there is an energy crisis in the world, society, and power companies. In this paper, we will discuss solar energy generation, control of power, tracking of the solar panel, data collection from the SPV power plant, and comparison of the solar tracking data and non-tracking data. The main aims of this research are to reduce the cost and increase the amount of electricity generated for installed PV systems by fabricating a simple control circuit for dual axis solar tracker PV systems. It is possible to design an SPV power plant monitoring system that can be installed along with the solar panels for the generation of electrical energy and can be controlled and monitored remotely. It should be checked frequently to ensure system control and continuous power supply. By implementing both techniques, the cost of a PV power plant can be reduced by increasing the productivity and proper monitoring of the photovoltaic generation system. This paper presents a detailed description of the designed and fabricated electrical circuits used in the tracker PV system and string monitoring system. Reduction in operating cost of SPV dual axis tracking system. Power losses due to control circuits in the moonlight are also avoided, as per the design presented by many authors in the past. Energy losses can be detected and corrected by monitoring the operational performance and analyzing the recorded data of PV systems. Monitoring PV systems is pretty helpful in developing white papers and setting benchmarks for the system performance of PV systems. The sun tracker circuit consists of a 12-volt power supply circuit, an LDR-based sensor circuit, an H-bridge circuit, a timer circuit, and a DC motor driving circuit. For transferring the data wirelessly like PV string array voltage, current, and voltage taken by DC motor during the sun tracking throughout the whole day from the remote station to base station, a simple X-bee-based designed circuit

An anatomical study of “Utkshepa Marma” using Cadaveric dissection - Case Report

“Marma” consists of the aggregation of Mamsa, Sira, Snayu, Asthi and Sandhi in which particularly Prana by nature stay that is why injury to Marma leads to respective consequences. Acharya Shushruta mentioned “Vishalyaghna Marma” one of the variety of Marma which comes under the Parinama Prakarena. There are total three “Vishalyaghna Marma” situated in the human body in Urdhwajatrugat Pradesh. “Utkshepa Marma” situated above the Shankh Pradesh (temple) at the hairy margin. Injury to this by foreign body, keeps the person alive as long as it is kept within the wound until it falls down on its own accord. If it is drawn out by force the person dies at once due to sudden loss of Vayu, This is the “Vishalyaghna” effect of “Utkshepa Marma”. Here study explored the “Utkshepa Marma” in term of regional and cadaveric anatomical approach to find the anatomical structures at the site of Marma which is responsible for “Vishalyaghnatva” condition and reassess the applied anatomy of this Marma discussed in classics as well as reviewed in the light of modern medical science with the help of cadaveric dissection

ISSN 2347-954X (Print) Effect of dexmedetomidine on consumption of anesthetic agents, duration of surgery, time to extubation and post-operative emergence during endoscopic nasal surgeries: a pilot study

Abstract: Our aim was to study the effects of dexmedetomidine on anesthetic consumption, duration of surgery, time to extubation and post-operative emergence when used as an adjunct to general anesthesia in endoscopic nasal surgeries. Fifty two patients scheduled for elective nasal surgery (Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery and Functional Endoscopic Nasal surgery) were randomized into two groups. Dexmedetomidine -group (D) and placebo or control -group (C). Dexmedetomidine was administered to the D group at a bolus dose of 0.5 ug/kg via an intravenous infusion pump over 10 min. Intraoperative maintenance was supplied by a continuous infusion of 0.2 ug/kg/hr. Infusion of Dexmedetomidine was stopped when the major surgical intervention was over. Group C was given equal amounts of normal saline, instead of Dexmedetomidine. The intraoperative hemodynamics during the surgery were recorded on a proforma. The duration of surgery, time to extubation and amount of anesthetic agents consumed in both the groups were noted. We found that there was a statistically significant difference in anesthetic consumption between both groups. The time to extubation was more in group C(p value < 0.05) .Awakening scores were better in group D(p value < 0.05).No significant difference in the duration of surgery was found.Our conclusion was that Dexmedetomidine reduces anesthetic agent consumption significantly when used as an adjunct in endoscopic nasal surgeries, thereby leading to shorter extubation times and better awakening scores

Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundFuture trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050.MethodsUsing forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline.FindingsIn the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading to a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8–63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0–45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2–34·1] to 15·5% [13·7–17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4–40·3) to 41·1% (33·9–48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6–25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5–43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5–17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across super-regions ranging from 10·4% (9·7–11·3) in the high-income super-region to 23·9% (20·7–27·3) in north Africa and the Middle East. The Safer Environment scenario had its largest decrease in sub-Saharan Africa (5·2% [3·5–6·8]), the Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario in north Africa and the Middle East (23·2% [20·2–26·5]), and the Improved Nutrition and Vaccination scenario in sub-Saharan Africa (2·0% [–0·6 to 3·6]).InterpretationGlobally, life expectancy and age-standardised disease burden were forecasted to improve between 2022 and 2050, with the majority of the burden continuing to shift from CMNNs to NCDs. That said, continued progress on reducing the CMNN disease burden will be dependent on maintaining investment in and policy emphasis on CMNN disease prevention and treatment. Mostly due to growth and ageing of populations, the number of deaths and DALYs due to all causes combined will generally increase. By constructing alternative future scenarios wherein certain risk exposures are eliminated by 2050, we have shown that opportunities exist to substantially improve health outcomes in the future through concerted efforts to prevent exposure to well established risk factors and to expand access to key health interventions.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.</p