Prey preference of lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), a top marine predator: implications for ecosystem-based fisheries management

Many highly exploited ecosystems are managed on the basis of single-species demographic information. This management approach can exacerbate tensions among stakeholders with competing interests who in turn rely on data with notoriously high variance. In this case study, an application of diet and dive survey data was used to describe the prey preference of lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) in a predictive framework on nearshore reefs off Oregon. The lingcod is a large, fast-growing generalist predator of invertebrates and fishes. In response to concerns that lingcod may significantly reduce diminished populations of rockfishes (Sebastes spp.), the diets of 375 lingcod on nearshore reefs along the Oregon Coast were compared with estimates of relative prey availability from dive surveys. In contrast to the transient pelagic fishes that comprised 46% of lingcod diet by number, rockfishes comprised at most 4.7% of prey items. Rockfishes were the most abundant potential prey observed in dive surveys, yet they were the least preferred. Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) requires information about primary trophic relationships, as well as relative abundance and distribution data for multiple species. This study shows that, at a minimum, predation relative to prey availability must be considered before predator effects can be understood in a management context

Effects of global atmospheric perturbations on forest ecosystems: Predictions of seasonal and cumulative effects

The physical effects of certain large events, such as giant impacts, explosive volcanism, or combined nuclear explosions, have the potential of inducing global catastrophes in our terrestrial environment. Such highly energetic events can inject substantial quantities of material into the atmosphere. In turn, this changes the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface and modifies atmospheric temperatures to produce a wide range of global effects. One consequence is the introduction of serious stresses in both plants and animals throughout the Earth's biosphere. For example, recent studies predict that forest lands, crop lands, and range lands would suffer specific physical and biological degradations if major physical and chemical disruptions occurred in our atmosphere. Forests, which cover over 4 times 10 to the 9th power hectares (4 times 10 to the 7th power sq km) of our planet, or about 3 times the area now cultivated for crops, are critical to many processes in the biosphere. Forests contribute heavily to the production of atmospheric oxygen, supply the major volume of biomass, and provide a significant percentage of plant and animal habitats

PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE TGT (Teams Games Tournament) DENGAN PERMAINAN PHYSICS SQUARES TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATERI POKOK BUNYI KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI 6 SURABAYA

Abstract. Based on interview with one of physics teachers at SMP Negeri 6 Surabaya is known that there are some students who do not quite active in learning and some students have achievement less than KKM, so it requires a learning model that can motivate students to active in physics learning in order to maximize student achievement. Therefore, researchers try to apply the cooperative learning model type TGT with physics squares game. The purpose of this study was describing the role of cooperative learning model type TGT with physics squares game to student achievement and knowing the student’s response to the application of cooperative learning model type TGT with physics squares game on the subject matter of sound. This type of research is pre experimental design. The study population was students of SMP 6 Surabaya grade VIII in the study sample consisted of an experiment class (VIII-E). From the analysis of normality test and homogeneity test of all available classes are normally distributed and homogeneous. From the tournament of physics squares game was obtained the average point of student and from the post-test was obtained student achievement. And then to determinate the relationship between average point of student and student achievement using analysis of correlation, so it obtained coefficient of determination is 44.3%. While from the questionnaire analysis known that the application of the cooperative learning model type TGT with physics squares game get positive responses from students. From the results of data analysis can be concluded that the application of the cooperative learning model type TGT with physics squares game have a positive role to student achievement and get positive responses from student in the subject matter sound grade VIII SMPN 6 Surabaya.                            . Keywords: physics squares game, cooperative learning model type TGT, student achievement, and sound.   Abstrak. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara dengan salah satu guru fisika di SMP Negeri 6 Surabaya diketahui bahwa di sekolah tersebut ada beberapa siswa yang kurang aktif dalam pembelajaran dan beberapa siswa yang memiliki nilai di bawah KKM, sehingga diperlukan model pembelajaran yang dapat memotivasi siswa untuk aktif dalam pembelajaran fisika agar hasil belajar siswa lebih maksimal. Oleh sebab itu, peneliti mencoba menerapkan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TGT dengan permainan physics squares. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan pengaruh model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TGT dengan permainan physics squares terhadap hasil belajar siswa dan mengetahui respons siswa terhadap penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TGT dengan permainan physics squares pada materi pokok bunyi. Jenis penelitian ini adalah pra experimental design. Populasi penelitian adalah siswa SMP Negeri 6 Surabaya kelas VIII dengan sampel penelitian terdiri atas satu kelas eksperimen (VIII-E). Dari analisis uji normalitas dan homogenitas didapatkan semua kelas berdistribusi normal dan homogen. Dari permainan physics squares diperoleh poin rata-rata siswa pada permainan tersebut dan dari post-test diperoleh hasil belajar siswa. Kemudian untuk menentukan hubungan antara poin rata-rata siswa pada permainan physics squares dengan hasil belajar siswa digunakan analisis korelas, sehingga diperoleh koefisien determinasi sebesar 44,3%. Sedangkan dari analisis angket diketahui bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TGT dengan permainan physics squares mendapat respon positif dari siswa. Dari analisis data hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TGT dengan permainan physics squares berpengaruh positif terhadap hasil belajar siswa pada materi pokok bunyi di kelas VIII SMP Negeri 6 Surabaya. Kata-kata kunci : permainan physics squares, model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TGT, hasil belajar siswa, dan bunyi

Efficiency in the provision of production specifications for the South African construction industry

In most developed countries production specifications are based on national standardised specification systems, such as the National Building Specification or NBS (Great Britain), the National Specification System or NATSPEC (Australia), Master Specification Systems or MasterSpec (United States of America and Canada), General Materials and Workmanship Specifications or AMA (Sweden), and the National Standard Building Specification or STABU (the Netherlands). Standard specifications are primarily designed to shorten descriptions in the texts of new projects, whether in respect of descriptions on architectural or engineering drawings and technical specifications or descriptions in bills of quantities, schedules of rates, etcetera. In some countries the development of computerised specification systems has reached the point that these systems are supplanting the traditional word processing method. These systems are also providing links or interfaces to other information systems of the construction sector, such as design, products and cost information systems, etcetera.The South African construction industry, however, lags behind these countries that have been involved in the development of construction information systems or processes over the years. A call is therefore made to improve the efficiency of providing production specifications, as inadequate project information has been identified as one of the major causes of inefficiency in the building process

Doubts raised on the validity of construction and payment guarantees

It has become common practice in the building industry for contractors to provide employers with a construction guarantee. These guarantees, which are defined as being on call or on demand, usually provide that a certificate issued by the agent or the principal agent will provide conclusive proof that the employer is entitled to call in the guarantee (Fenster, 1998). In a number of recent decisions, such a conclusive proof provision has been the subject of judicial scrutiny, and there is now an ever-increasing doubt as to the validity of these guarantees. The Joint Building Contracts Committee (JBCC) 1991 suite of contracts was the first in South Africa to introduce the concept of construction and payment guarantees that provided the requisite cover available on call from approved financial institutions. In the process the construction guarantee replaced the performance guarantee (surety) that prevailed in addition to the retention fund in construction contracts. Various standard forms, which embodied the terms and conditions of the guarantees, were prepared for this purpose by the JBCC. These terms and conditions had been negotiated by the JBCC with the legal/ technical committees of the banking and insurance institutions and were fully approved by them. However, for some time now concerns have been raised regarding the difficulties experienced in getting all banks and/or their property finance divisions to comply with the JBCC guarantees. Because the construction and payment guarantees are so closely linked to the terms and conditions of the JBCC principal and nominated/selected subcontract agreements, changes made to the pro forma guarantees or agreements, which disturb the risk of the guarantor, could very well render the guarantee null and void. This article will report the interpretation of construction and payment guarantees as held in recent court decisions, the findings of an investigation conducted on perceived problems being experienced by the South African construction industry with regard to these guarantees, and will present what is considered to be best practice to ensuring the continued effective use thereof

A comparison between the June 1991 and Series 2000 JBCC Preliminaries editions

The use of 'standard' or 'model' preliminaries has simplified the tendering for and the administration of building contracts, entail economic advantages to all concerned. Minimal changes have been made to the preliminaries since the publication of the first standard document in 1981. There were few editorial changes while the established principles were not revised. However, the current Preliminaries (May 1998 edition or January 2001 edition), which forms part of the JBCC Series 2000 documentation, has been completely reviewed and differs substantially from previous editions. This article attempts to highlight these differences, and to provide some background to the origin and necessity of standard preliminaries and their evolution since they came into operation in 1981

Numerical simulation of nuclear reactor isotope depletion

A program was written in Python to simulate nuclide reactions and burnup in a thermal fission reactor numerically. The program focused on the depletion calculations and used a simplified neutron flux equation. Nuclide data like cross-sections and fission products were read in from ENDF format files that have undergone pre-processing. To solve the more than 500 simultaneous differential equations that describe the varying isotopic concentrations, short-lived decay isotopes and their decay chains were identified and solved with a modified Bateman solution and then the long-lived isotopes concentrations were solved with matrix exponentiation. The flux was calculated to keep the heat output of the reactions constant. The simulation calculations were validated by comparing the output of decay chains with known analytical solutions. The output of the reactor burnup simulation was compared to that of ORIGEN (The Oak Ridge National Laboratory Isotope Generation And Depletion Code) for a Light Water Reactor at constant load to a burnup of 33GWd/ton. The output of the simulation was relatively similar to that of ORIGEN, but differed in some marked ways, e.g. plutonium breeding, which suggested that the neutron flux calculations and neutron absorption by U238 was not similarly modelled as in ORIGEN. By slightly adjusting the neutron absorption of U238 in the simulation, the correspondence between the simulation and the reference output was improved

Andrei Rubliov

Abstract not availabl

PROSES EKSEKUSI JAMINAN PERBANKAN DALAM PERJANJIAN KREDIT PERBANKAN

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana dasar hukum perjanjian kredit dalam pemberian kredit perbankan dan bagaimana proses eksekusi jaminan perbankan dalam perjanjian kredit perbankan. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normative disimpulkan: 1. Dasar hukum pengaturan tentang kredit dan kredit macet yaitu Undang-Undang Perbankan Nomor 10 Tahun 1998 tentang Perjanjian Kredit dan Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1996 Tentang Proses Pembebanan Hak Tanggungan. Dasar Hukum tersebut menjadi kekuatan bank untuk melakukan eksekusi terhadap kredit macet sebagai etikat tidak baik dari debitur yang sengaja lalai dalam melakukan kewajiban sesuai perjanjian kredit. 2. Eksekusi terhadap kredit macet dilakukan dengan 2 cara yaitu parate eksekusi dimana pihak bank melakukan eksekusi sesudah melakukan tahapan atau langkah-langkah negosiasi kredit gagal ditaati oleh debitur. Eksekusi sebagai upaya terakhir dari pihak bank yang berusaha menyelamatkan kredit macet lewat tahapan atau langkah-langkah penyelamatan kredit (8 langkah). Eksekusi juga bisa dilakukan lewat fiat ekskusi sesuai Undang-Undang Hak Tanggungan yaitu lewat PUPN dan eksekusi dilakukan oleh pihak bank melalui penetapan pengadilan untuk menindak debitur yang tidak taat melakukan kewajiban dalam perjanjian kredit sehingga terjadi kredit macet. Kata kunci: eksekusi, perbanka