Book review of " Giuseppina Pellegrino and Alessandro Mongili (eds.) Information Infrastructure(s): Boundaries, Ecologies, Multiplicity, Cam- bridge, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014, pp. 337"

book revie

Wat is rechtvaardige AI? Een kader voor het ontwikkelen en toepassen van algoritmes voor automatische besluitvorming

Samenvatting Vragen over eerlijkheid, rechtvaardigheid en gelijke behandeling (fairness) in kunstmatige intelligentie zijn een punt van aandacht in recente debatten over mogelijke negatieve gevolgen van de toepassing van artificial intelligence (AI) in de samenleving. Veel van deze zorgen zijn echter niet nieuw – ze komen voort uit maatschappelijke en politieke discussies over digitalisering van de samenleving in het algemeen. In de kern draaien ze om eerlijkheid, toegankelijkheid en exploi‐ teerbaarheid van digitale diensten en big data: wie heeft de middelen, de expertise en de feitelijke gegevens om maximaal gebruik te maken van digitalisering, en ten koste van wie of wat? Automatisering van besluitvorming door middel van algo‐ ritmische besluitvorming (ADM) is een toepassing van AI die wordt gezien als bedreiging voor de rechtvaardigheid van beleid en bestuur, vooral omdat geauto‐ matiseerde besluitvorming vormen van reeds bestaande ongelijkheid in de samenleving versterkt. Echter, het kan ook gezien worden als kans om bestaande oneerlijkheid juist te beteugelen door het vermogen van AI om objectievere en dus meer rechtvaardig beslissingen te nemen. Op basis van recente literatuur uit verschillende domeinen binnen de sociale wetenschappen stellen we een kader voor dat kan helpen bij de ontwikkeling en de toepassing van AI binnen de publieke sector

AI Watch - Artificial Intelligence for the public sector

This the report of the 1st AI WATCH Peer Learning Workshop on the Use of and Impact of AI in Public Services organized by JRC/B6 jointly with DG CNECT/H4. The workshop discussed the current state of AI in the public sector that shows how AI is widely experimented across European countries. From the analysis of results of the JRC activities on AI for the public sector conducted as part of the AI WATCH it emerged that these technologies are mostly applied in general public services, economic affairs and health services, with most Chatbots often mentioned. Most AI based innovation, however, seems to be mostly incremental or technical, with innovation truly causing disruptions in the public service model being limited. From the discussion in working groups and plenary it also emerged that activities of the AI Watch task on AI for the public sector should prioritize on the following Policy domains: Health, Education, Public Order, Housing, Transport and Agriculture. Finally, since an important part of the debate revolved around the topic of AI and data governance, it was decided to focus the 2nd AI WATCH Peer Learning Workshop with Member States on this domain.JRC.B.6-Digital Econom

A Typology of Privacy

Despite the difficulty of capturing the nature and boundaries of privacy, it is important to conceptualize it. Some scholars develop unitary theories of privacy in the form of a unified conceptual core; others offer classifications of privacy that make meaningful distinctions between different types of privacy. We argue that the latter approach is underdeveloped and in need of improvement. In this paper, we propose a typology of privacy that is more systematic and comprehensive than any existing model. Our typology is developed, first, by a systematic analysis of constitutional protections of privacy in nine jurisdictions: the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovenia. This analysis yields a broad overview of the types of privacy that constitutional law seeks to protect. Second, we have studied literature from privacy scholars in the same nine jurisdictions, in order to identify the main dimensions along which privacy can be classified. Our analysis led us to structure types of privacy in a two-dimensional mode, consisting of eight basic types of privacy (bodily, intellectual, spatial, decisional, communicational, associational, proprietary, and behavioral privacy), with an overlay of a ninth type (informational privacy) that overlaps, but does not coincide, with the eight basic types. Because of the comprehensive and large-scale comparative nature of the analysis, this paper offers a fundamental contribution to the theoretical literature on privacy. Our typology can serve as an analytic and explanatory model that helps to understand what privacy is, why privacy cannot be reduced to informational privacy, how privacy relates to the right to privacy, and how the right to privacy varies, but also corresponds, across a broad range of countries

Round table MATHMET

5th edition of the Mathmet international conference, Paris, France, 2-4 November 2022.Contribution to the Strategic Research Agenda of MATHMET from the point of view of Technical Committee for Photometry and Radiometry of EURAME

Policy, design and use of police-worn bodycameras in the Netherlands.

Police-worn bodycameras have been tested and deployed since 2009 in the Netherlands. They have been introduced after what were seen as positive results concerning bodycamera practices in the United Kingdom (UK). After a looming, almost silent introduction in the Netherlands, recent events have led these devices to gain momentum in certain countries, notably in the United States. In fact, as they are likely to become standard police equipment, bodycameras have sparked controversy and questions have been raised regarding their purpose and use. They are often introduced as a means to protect and safeguard police officers on duty insofar as they would be an objective witness to their actions, but worries are that the cameras will be used for other, notably surveilling, activities as well. This type of process – a (surveillance) technology is introduced for a certain purpose but in practice its purposes change and/or multiply. This chapter tries to show how this is taking place during different stages of the development - and testing of the camera. As a part of a larger research project about surveillance in urban nightscapes, this article investigates the bodycamera in the context of surveillance practices in Dutch nightlife districts. It aims to understand how the bodycamera came to being in this specific context and how it is being used. As such, it not only retraces the development steps of the bodycamera, especially how certain functionalities have been inscribed by both policymakers and designers, but it also attends to use practices, wherein design and political choices made in earlier stages create ambiguity

Surveillance in Urban Nightscapes. A STS-Informed Perspective

In the project “Surveillance in Urban Nightscapes”, surveillance practices during the night are investigated in Dutch city centers. Besides organizational surveillance technologies such as Cctv and bodycameras, bottom-up image technologies are invading this nightscape (Octv), in the form of mobile cameras. This shared footage affects both citizens who go for a night out – you never know when and where you might have been filmed – as well as organizational surveillance – the amount of sources for watching and reconstructing events that take place in the city centre increases. Theoretically, this can be seen as gradual change in the landscape of surveillance in (nightly) public spaces. This literature review tries to capture and combine different concepts from three disciplines: urban geography, surveillance and STS. The concluding remarks deal with key concepts derived from combinations of literature and tries to explain why and how a STS-informed analysis is necessary when investigating surveillance in urban nightscapes