Nonstationary vortices in a water glass

¿Quién no ha experimentado la formación de un vórtice o de un remolino en un vaso cuando disuelve el cacao en la leche y le da vueltas con una cuchara? En este artículo, se analizan los aspectos mecánicos de los vórtices no estacionarios formados cuando se agita agua con una cuchara alrededor de un eje central en un vaso de precipitados cilíndrico. Se mostrará que el vórtice no estacionario formado después de agitar el agua con la cuchara es de tipo forzado y se comparará la dinámica del fluido de este vórtice no estacionario con los conocidos vórtices libres estacionarios y forzados y con el de la dinámica del vórtice aislado libre (también conocido como el vórtice de Oseen-Lamb). Mostraremos que la observación de la generación y del decaimiento del vórtice no estacionario en el recipiente cilíndrico del agua en rotación es un simple experimento que puede constituir una experiencia muy fructífera para el entendimiento de los aspectos cinemáticos, dinámicos, y estáticos de la rotación axisimétrica, radial, o torsional de un fluido homogéneo e incompresible.Who has not experienced the formation of a vortex or a whirlpool in a glass of milk when trying to dissolve cocoa in it by stirring the liquid with a spoon? In this paper, we analyse the mechanical aspects of the unsteady vortex formed in swirling water that was stirred with a spoon around a central axis in a cylindrical glass. We show that the formed unsteady vortex is of forced type and we compare the fluid dynamics of this unsteady vortex to that of the well-known steady free and forced vortices and with the dynamics of the unsteady free isolated vortex (also known as Oseen-Lamb’s vortex). We show that the observation of the generation and decay of the unsteady vortex in a cylindrical glass of rotating water is a simple experiment that may constitute a very fruitful experience for understanding the kinematics, dynamics, and static aspects of the axisymmetric, rotational, or torsional flow of an homogeneous and incompressible fluid.F.J.M. y J.A.M. agradecen al Instituto de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universitat Politècnica de València por su ayuda a los Equipos Innovación y Calidad Educativa e-MACAFI y MoMa. A.B. agradece el apoyo del Vicerrectorado de Tecnologías de la Información de la Universidad de Alicante a través del proyecto GITE-09006-UA. E.A, A.N. y J.M.V. agradecen a Cajasol-La Caixa la financiación parcial de este trabajo

Lipocalina associada à gelatinase de neutrófilos (NGAL) e calprotectina no tecido laminar de equinos após obstrução jejunal, tratados ou não com hidrocortisona

A laminite é uma doença podal grave que acomete os equídeos, sendo responsável por intenso sofrimento. Neste estudo foram pesquisadas a presença de calprotectina por meio da imunoistoquímica, e de lipocalina associada à gelatinase de neutrófilos (NGAL), por zimografia, no tecido laminar do casco de equinos após obstrução intestinal. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos: Grupo controle (Gc), contendo sete animais normais, sem procedimento cirúrgico; Grupo Instrumentado (Gi), contendo cinco animais, os quais passaram por todo o procedimento cirúrgico sem sofrerem obstrução intestinal; Grupo Não Tratado (Gnt), contendo quatro equinos submetidos a obstrução intestinal do jejuno por distensão de balão intraluminal, sem tratamento; e Grupo Tratado (Gt), contendo quatro equinos submetidos a obstrução intestinal, e tratados preventivamente com hidrocortisona. Houve imunomarcação de calprotectina em todos os grupos experimentais, com aumento nos equinos do grupo distendido em relação ao Gc. Com relação ao NGAL, houve aumento também do Gnt e do Gi em relação ao Gc. O Gt não diferiu dos demais. Conclui-se que a distensão do intestino delgado pode promover acúmulos de leucócitos nos cascos de equinos e que o NGAL é um método viável para se detectar infiltração neutrofílica em equinos. Novos estudos deverão ser realizados para se verificar possível benefício anti-inflamatório da hidrocortisona no casco de equinos com obstrução intestinal

Evaluation of HPK n+n^+-pp planar pixel sensors for the CMS Phase-2 upgrade

International audienceTo cope with the challenging environment of the planned high luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), sched-uled to start operation in 2029, CMS will replace its entire tracking system. The requirements for the tracker are largely determinedby the long operation time of 10 years with an instantaneous peak luminosity of up to 7.5 × 1034 cm−2 s−1 in the ultimate perfor-mance scenario. Depending on the radial distance from the interaction point, the silicon sensors will receive a particle fluencecorresponding to a non-ionizing energy loss of up to Φeq = 3.5 × 1016 cm−2. This paper focuses on planar pixel sensor design andqualification up to a fluence of Φeq = 1.4 × 1016 cm−2.For the development of appropriate planar pixel sensors an R&D program was initiated, which includes n+-p sensors on 150 mm(6”) wafers with an active thickness of 150 μm with pixel sizes of 100 × 25 μm2 and 50 × 50 μm2 manufactured by Hamamatsu.Single chip modules with ROC4Sens and RD53A readout chips were made. Irradiation with protons and neutrons, as well was anextensive test beam campaign at DESY were carried out. This paper presents the investigation of various assemblies mainly withROC4Sens readout chips. It demonstrates that multiple designs fulfill the requirements in terms of breakdown voltage, leakagecurrent and efficiency. The single point resolution for 50 × 50 μm2 pixels is measured as 4.0 μm for non-irradiated samples, and6.3 μm after irradiation to Φeq = 7.2 × 1015 cm−2

Evaluation of HPK n+n^+-pp planar pixel sensors for the CMS Phase-2 upgrade

To cope with the challenging environment of the planned high luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), scheduled to start operation in 2029, CMS will replace its entire tracking system. The requirements for the tracker are largely determined by the long operation time of 10~years with an instantaneous peak luminosity of up to $7.5\times 10^{34}$~cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ in the ultimate performance scenario. Depending on the radial distance from the interaction point, the silicon sensors will receive a particle fluence corresponding to a non-ionizing energy loss of up to $\Phi_{\text{eq}} = 3.5\times 10^{16}$~cm$^{-2}$. This paper focuses on planar pixel sensor design and qualification up to a fluence of $\Phi_{\text{eq}} = 1.4\times 10^{16}$~cm$^{-2}$. For the development of appropriate planar pixel sensors an R\&D program was initiated, which includes $n^+$-$p$ sensors on 150 mm (6'') wafers with an active thickness of 150~$\mu$m with pixel sizes of $100\times 25$~$\mu$m$^2$ and $50\times 50$~$\mu$m$^2$ manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.\ (HPK). Single chip modules with ROC4Sens and RD53A readout chips were made. Irradiation with protons and neutrons, as well was an extensive test beam campaign at DESY were carried out. This paper presents the investigation of various assemblies mainly with ROC4Sens readout chips. It demonstrates that multiple designs fulfill the requirements in terms of breakdown voltage, leakage current and efficiency. The single point resolution for $50\times 50$~$\mu$m$^2$ pixels is measured as 4.0~$\mu$m for non-irradiated samples, and 6.3~$\mu$m after irradiation to $\Phi_{\text{eq}} = 7.2\times 10^{15}$~cm$^{-2}$.To cope with the challenging environment of the planned high luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), sched- uled to start operation in 2029, CMS will replace its entire tracking system. The requirements for the tracker are largely determined by the long operation time of 10 years with an instantaneous peak luminosity of up to 7.5 × 1034 cm−2 s−1 in the ultimate perfor- mance scenario. Depending on the radial distance from the interaction point, the silicon sensors will receive a particle fluence corresponding to a non-ionizing energy loss of up to Φeq = 3.5 × 1016 cm−2. This paper focuses on planar pixel sensor design and qualification up to a fluence of Φeq = 1.4 × 1016 cm−2. For the development of appropriate planar pixel sensors an R&D program was initiated, which includes n+-p sensors on 150 mm (6”) wafers with an active thickness of 150 μm with pixel sizes of 100 × 25 μm2 and 50 × 50 μm2 manufactured by Hamamatsu. Single chip modules with ROC4Sens and RD53A readout chips were made. Irradiation with protons and neutrons, as well was an extensive test beam campaign at DESY were carried out. This paper presents the investigation of various assemblies mainly with ROC4Sens readout chips. It demonstrates that multiple designs fulfill the requirements in terms of breakdown voltage, leakage current and efficiency. The single point resolution for 50 × 50 μm2 pixels is measured as 4.0 μm for non-irradiated samples, and 6.3 μm after irradiation to Φeq = 7.2 × 1015 cm−2.To cope with the challenging environment of the planned high luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), scheduled to start operation in 2029, CMS will replace its entire tracking system. The requirements for the tracker are largely determined by the long operation time of 10 years with an instantaneous peak luminosity of up to 7.5 × 1034cm−2s−1 in the ultimate performance scenario. Depending on the radial distance from the interaction point, the silicon sensors will receive a particle fluence corresponding to a non-ionising energy loss of up to Φeq= 3.5 × 1016cm−2. This paper focuses on planar pixel sensor design and qualification up to a fluence of Φeq = 1.4 × 1016cm−2. For the development of appropriate planar pixel sensors an R&D program was initiated, which includes n+-p sensors on 150mm (6”) wafers with an active thickness of 150µm with pixel sizes of 100×25 µm2 and 50×50 µm2 manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. (HPK). Single chip modules with ROC4Sens and RD53A readout chips were made. Irradiation with protons and neutrons, as well was an extensive test beam campaign at DESY were carried out. This paper presents the investigation of various assemblies mainly with ROC4Sens readout chips. It demonstrates that multiple designs fulfil the requirements in terms of breakdown voltage, leakage current and efficiency. The single point resolution for 50×50 µm2 pixels is measured as 4.0µm for non-irradiated samples, and 6.3µm after irradiation to Φeq = 7.2 × 1015cm−2