64 research outputs found

    Gastro-entérites en milieux des réfugiés au Tchad

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    Les réfugiés et déplacés de guerre sont des personnes vulnérables. C’est pourquoi, nous avons entrepris une étude des gastro-entérites dans leurs milieux au Sud et à l’Est du Tchad. Cette étude a concerné 53 patients dans les camps du Sud dont 28,30% sont des enfants de 0 à 5 ans. Elle a été couplée d’une enquête sur l’état nutritionnel de 205 réfugiés dans les deux zones. L’isolement et l’identification des entéropathogènes dans les selles ont été réalisés au laboratoire de l’Hôpital Général de Référence Nationale (HGRN), en utilisant les milieux Hektoen, Mueller-Hinton, EMB, Saboraud Chloramphénicol et la galerie API® 20 E. La microscopie, les tests de filamentation et biochimiques ont permis de caractériser et de déterminer les taux des infestations parasitaires, fongiques et d’infections bactériennes qui sont respectivement de 18,86%, 11,32% et 24,52%. La caractérisation de la sensibilité des agents bactériens Salmonella, Shigella et Escherichia coli a montré une résistance de 85% aux bêta-lactamines. En revanche, 98% des germes sont sensibles aux fluoroquinolones. Cette étude nous a permis non seulement de connaître les caractéristiques des diarrhées liées à l’état nutritionnel des réfugiés, mais également, de mettre en évidence une antibiothérapie efficace permettant la mise en place d’un programme de prévention contre les maladies diarrhéiques et d’amélioration de leur état nutritionnel dans les milieux confinés. L’amélioration de l’état nutritionnel des enfants pourrait comporter : la distribution régulière et complète des aliments riches en vitamines ; l’extension des programmes d’alimentation d’appoint et le logement adéquat pour les réfugiés.Mots clés: Diarrhée, entéropathogènes, nutritionnel, antibiotique, HGRN

    Flow of information : social and economic science in Sub-Saharan Africa

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    CARBON DEPOSITS IN GAS TURBINE INJECTORS

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    ABSTRACT The formation of carbon deposits in gas turbines is a recurring problem to which a lot of important work has been dedicated. These deposits cause a lot of problems and have a direct impact on the performance of gas turbines both from an environmental point of view and on the energetic efficiency and on hot parts life. In the combustion chambers of gas turbines, two different types of deposits may appear, one inside the fuel injectors and the other in the flame tube. The understanding of the formation of these deposits as well as their characterization is of up most importance for the design of the combustion chambers of gas turbines. The study presented in this paper summarizes the recent work carried out in IFP (Institut Français du Pétrole) on the formation of these deposits on the materials currently used in the design of the combustion chambers and injectors of gas turbines. A micropilot thermogravimetric unit operating at cracking temperatures to the order of 900°C allows us to define the parameters influencing the formation of these deposits. Thus, the influence of the nature of the material, of the composition of the charge and of the operating conditions (temperature, flow rate,… ) on the formation of the deposits and their morphology was shown. This work was carried out by testing a turbine injector during several hours on a test bench reproducing the working conditions of medium power industrial gas turbine. Different physico-chemical characteristics of common turbine fuels have been tested in an inert atmosphere. The characterization of the deposits (obtained with an electronic microscope), shows their morphology, as well as their elementary composition. For different fuels and various operating conditions, this work allows also to compare different types of materials used in the construction of gas turbines

    Diagnostic de la contamination des eaux par les éléments traces métalliques dans la zone aurifère de Komabangou – Tillabéri, Niger

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    A Komabangou, dans la région de Tillabéri au Niger, l’or est exploité, durant des décennies, de manière artisanale avec l’utilisation des méthodes inadéquates et des substances peu respectueuses de l’environnement comme le mercure et le cyanure. La présente étude a pour objectif de déterminer les teneurs en éléments traces métalliques (ETM) des eaux de Komabangou afin de prévoir les risques environnementaux et sanitaires liés à leur utilisation. Ainsi, des prélèvements d’eau ont été effectués sur 8 sites d’extraction d’or, 4 forages et 3 mares, et leurs concentrations en métaux tels que As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb et Zn ont été analysées par spectrométrie de masse avec plasma à couplage inductif (ICP-MS). Les résultats obtenus révèlent une contamination importante de ces eaux et soulignent une variabilité significative des concentrations des ETM en fonction du métal analysé et du type d’eau. Dans la plupart des eaux, les valeurs limites réglementaires notamment celles de l’OMS ont été dépassées, cela pourrait poser des problèmes de toxicité pour les plantes, les animaux et la population locale. Par conséquent, la mise en place d’un programme de surveillance et de traitement des eaux contaminées de la zone de Komabangou serait nécessaire pour réduire les risques de contamination humaine.Mots clés : ETM, eaux, risque, site aurifère, Komabangou, Niger

    Comparative Tuberculosis (TB) Prevention Effectiveness in Children of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccines from Different Sources, Kazakhstan

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    Except during a 1-year period when BCG vaccine was not routinely administered, annual coverage of infants with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in Kazakhstan since 2002 has exceeded 95%. BCG preparations from different sources (Japan, Serbia, and Russia) or none were used exclusively in comparable 7-month time-frames, September through March, in 4 successive years beginning in 2002. Our objective was to assess relative effectiveness of BCG immunization.Although there were differences in prevention effectiveness observed among the three BCG vaccines, all were protective. The Japanese vaccine (currently used in Kazakhstan), the Serbian vaccine, and the Russian vaccine respectively were 69%, 43%, and 22% effective with respect to clinical TB notifications, and 92%, 82%, and 51% effective with respect to culture confirmed TB. All three vaccines were >70% effective with respect to TB meningitis.Potential limitations included considerations that 1) the methodology used was retrospective, 2) multiple risk factors could have varied between cohorts and affected prevention effectiveness measures, 3) most cases were clinically diagnosed, and TB culture-positive case numbers and TB meningitis case numbers were sparse, and 4) small variations in reported population TB burden could have affected relative risk of exposure for cohorts.All three BCG vaccines evaluated were protective against TB, and prevention effectiveness varied by manufacturer. When setting national immunization policy, consideration should be given to prevention effectiveness of BCG preparations

    Essential Medicines at the National Level : The Global Asthma Network's Essential Asthma Medicines Survey 2014

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    Patients with asthma need uninterrupted supplies of affordable, quality-assured essential medicines. However, access in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is limited. The World Health Organization (WHO) Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) Global Action Plan 2013-2020 sets an 80% target for essential NCD medicines' availability. Poor access is partly due to medicines not being included on the national Essential Medicines Lists (EML) and/or National Reimbursement Lists (NRL) which guide the provision of free/subsidised medicines. We aimed to determine how many countries have essential asthma medicines on their EML and NRL, which essential asthma medicines, and whether surveys might monitor progress. A cross-sectional survey in 2013-2015 of Global Asthma Network principal investigators generated 111/120 (93%) responses41 high-income countries and territories (HICs); 70 LMICs. Patients in HICs with NRL are best served (91% HICs included ICS (inhaled corticosteroids) and salbutamol). Patients in the 24 (34%) LMICs with no NRL and the 14 (30%) LMICs with an NRL, however no ICS are likely to have very poor access to affordable, quality-assured ICS. Many LMICs do not have essential asthma medicines on their EML or NRL. Technical guidance and advocacy for policy change is required. Improving access to these medicines will improve the health system's capacity to address NCDs.Peer reviewe
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