Trends in and Predictions of Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in China From 1990 to 2025

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has emerged as a major public health concern in China during the last decade. In this study, we investigated the disease burden posed by CRC and analyzed temporal trends in CRC incidence and mortality rates in this country. We collected CRC incidence data from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Volume XI dataset and the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of CRC by sex and age, from the 2016 Global Burden of Diseases Study. We used the average annual percentage change (AAPC) to quantify temporal trends in CRC incidence and mortality from 1990 to 2016 and found the ASIR of CRC increased from 14.25 per 100,000 in 1990 to 25.27 per 100,000 in 2016 (AAPC = 2.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.29, 2.39). Cancer cases increased from 104.3 thousand to 392.8 thousand during the same period. The ASIR increased by 2.76% (95% CI 2.66%, 2.85%) and 1.70% (95% CI 1.64%, 1.76%) per year in males and females, respectively. The highest AAPC was found in people aged 15–49 years (2.76, 95% CI 2.59, 2.94). Cancer deaths increased from 81.1 thousand in 1990 to 167.1 thousand in 2016, while the ASMR remained stable (−0.04, 95% CI −0.13, 0.05), A mild increase (AAPC = 0.42, 95% CI 0.34, 0.51) was found among males and a significant decrease (AAPC = −0.75, 95% CI −0.90, −0.60) was found among females. Between 2016 and 2025, cancer cases and deaths are expected to increase from 392.8 and 167.1 thousand in 2016 to 642.3 (95% CI 498.4, 732.1) and 221.1 thousand (95% CI 122.5, 314.8) in 2025, respectively. Our study showed a steady increase in the CRC incidence in China over the past three decades and predicted a further increase in the near future. To combat this health concern, the prevention and management of known risk factors should be promoted through national polices. Greater priority should be given to CRC prevention in younger adults, and CRC screening should be widely adopted for this population

Experimental and analytical study on factors influencing biomimetic undulating fin propulsion performance based on orthogonal experimental design

This paper presents an experimental study on the structural and motion parameters of a biomimetic mechanical fin, as actuators for biomimetic underwater vehicles, and their influences on its propulsion performance. Orthogonal experimental design method is employed to optimize the test scheme due to its capability of reducing experiment time and rapid determination of influencing factors. A L64 orthogonal array is adopted in our seven-factor mixed factorial experiment with three structure parameters and four motion parameters. The experimental results of range analysis and variance analysis are discussed. The statistic results show that the fin-ray configuration, sway frequency, wave number and rigidity of membrane are the primary factors affecting the integrated propelling performance of the biomimetic mechanical fin. Optimizing these parameters needs to compromise the propelling speed, efficiency and maximum output power of the actuator. The analytic results are also in agreement with theoretical analysis and simulation study on inclined-angle of fish fin-ray. Consequently, proper modification of the inclined angle of the fin-ray might improve not only the propelling speed and acceleration, but also the propelling efficiency

Spatial and Temporal Trends in Pancreatic Cancer Burden Attributable to High Body Mass Index at the Global and National Levels

Abstract Objectives To examine the spatiotemporal trends in pancreatic cancer (PC) disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and mortality attributable to high body-mass index (BMI) by age, gender, and countries from 1990 to 2019. Methods Data were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 results. We presented the annual number of PC DALYs and mortality, and corresponding age-standardized rates (ASDR and ASMR), which were further stratified by age, gender, and countries. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was computed to assess the longitudinal trends in ASRs. Results In 2019, 0.7 million DALYs and 31.9 thousand deaths worldwide were caused by PC attributable to high BMI, with the largest amount reported in high-income North America, Western Europe, and East Asia. The corresponding ASDR and ASMR were highest in females and in high SDI regions, while quite varied across countries. The global EAPC in ASDR and ASMR was 1.45 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 1.40, 1.50) and 1.44 (95% UI: 1.39, 1.49), respectively. Almost all involved countries demonstrated significant uptrends in ASRs from 1990 to 2019. Conclusions More productive efforts to reduce the impact of modifiable risk factors, such as overweight, should be undertaken, and thus effectively curb the rise of PC burden

Association between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) 8473 T > C polymorphism and cancer risk: a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis

Abstract Background Numerous studies have investigated the relationship between COX-2 8473 T > C polymorphism and cancer susceptibility, however, the results remain controversial. Therefore, we carried out the present meta-analysis to obtain a more accurate assessment of this potential association. Methods In this meta-analysis, 79 case-control studies were included with a total of 38,634 cases and 55,206 controls. We searched all relevant articles published in PubMed, EMBASE, OVID, Web of Science, CNKI and Wanfang Data, till September 29, 2017. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the strength of the association. We performed subgroup analysis according to ethnicity, source of controls, genotyping method and cancer type. Moreover, Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was implemented to decrease the risk of type I error and estimate whether the current evidence of the results was sufficient and conclusive. Results Overall, our results indicated that 8473 T > C polymorphism was not associated with cancer susceptibility. However, stratified analysis showed that the polymorphism was associated with a statistically significant decreased risk for nasopharyngeal cancer and bladder cancer, but an increased risk for esophageal cancer and skin cancer. Interestingly, TSA demonstrated that the evidence of the result was sufficient in this study. Conclusion No significant association between COX-2 8473 T > C polymorphism and cancer risk was detected

Bio-inspired Flow Sensing and Prediction for Fish-like Undulating Locomotion: A CFD-aided Approach

Feedback flow information is of significance to enable underwater locomotion controllers with higher adaptability and efficiency within varying environments. Inspired from fish sensing their external flow via near-body pressure, a computational scheme is proposed and developed in this paper. In conjunction with the scheme, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is employed to study the bio-inspired fish swimming hydrodynamics. The spatial distribution and temporal variation of the near-body pressure of fish are studied over the whole computational domain. Furthermore, a filtering algorithm is designed and implemented to fuse near-body pressure of one or multiple points for the estimation on the external flow. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed computational scheme and its corresponding algorithm are both effective to predict the inlet flow velocity by using near-body pressure at distributed spatial points.Published versio