Equilibria in Second Price Auctions with Information Acquisition

This paper studies equilibria in second price auctions with information acquisition in an independent private value setting. We focus on the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium in the information acquisition stage for both homogenous and heterogenous bidders. It is shown that, when the relative probability gain of information acquisition is increasing, there always exists an equilibrium and further it is symmetric and unique when bidders are homogenous. Moreover, we show that different type of bidders must choose different information levels, and further the advantaged groups with lower marginal information cost have stronger incentive to acquire information. An illustrative example with two bidders and Gaussian specification is presented to provide intuition and implications on equilibrium behavior of bidders

Equilibria in Second Price Auctions with Information Acquisition

This paper studies equilibria in second price auctions with information acquisition in an independent private value setting. We focus on the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium in the information acquisition stage for both homogenous and heterogenous bidders. It is shown that, when the relative probability gain of information acquisition is increasing, there always exists an equilibrium and further it is symmetric and unique when bidders are homogenous. Moreover, we show that different type of bidders must choose different information levels, and further the advantaged groups with lower marginal information cost have stronger incentive to acquire information. An illustrative example with two bidders and Gaussian specification is presented to provide intuition and implications on equilibrium behavior of bidders

Dilated Context Integrated Network with Cross-Modal Consensus for Temporal Emotion Localization in Videos

Understanding human emotions is a crucial ability for intelligent robots to provide better human-robot interactions. The existing works are limited to trimmed video-level emotion classification, failing to locate the temporal window corresponding to the emotion. In this paper, we introduce a new task, named Temporal Emotion Localization in videos~(TEL), which aims to detect human emotions and localize their corresponding temporal boundaries in untrimmed videos with aligned subtitles. TEL presents three unique challenges compared to temporal action localization: 1) The emotions have extremely varied temporal dynamics; 2) The emotion cues are embedded in both appearances and complex plots; 3) The fine-grained temporal annotations are complicated and labor-intensive. To address the first two challenges, we propose a novel dilated context integrated network with a coarse-fine two-stream architecture. The coarse stream captures varied temporal dynamics by modeling multi-granularity temporal contexts. The fine stream achieves complex plots understanding by reasoning the dependency between the multi-granularity temporal contexts from the coarse stream and adaptively integrates them into fine-grained video segment features. To address the third challenge, we introduce a cross-modal consensus learning paradigm, which leverages the inherent semantic consensus between the aligned video and subtitle to achieve weakly-supervised learning. We contribute a new testing set with 3,000 manually-annotated temporal boundaries so that future research on the TEL problem can be quantitatively evaluated. Extensive experiments show the effectiveness of our approach on temporal emotion localization. The repository of this work is at https://github.com/YYJMJC/Temporal-Emotion-Localization-in-Videos.Comment: Accepted by ACM Multimedia 202

Experimental investigation of insect deposition in lentic environments and implications for formation of Konservat Lagerstätten

Terrestrial insects are often remarkably well preserved in lacustrine Konservat Lagerstätten. However, the assumption that carcasses should sink fast through the water column seems contradictory as this scenario is unlikely due to excessive buoyancy and surface tension. The mechanisms that promote rapid and permanent emplacement onto the sediment surface (RPESS) of such terrestrial animal remains are not fully understood. Here we use taphonomic experiments to show that floating in water, growth of microbial biofilms and reception of rapid sediment load promote RPESS of terrestrial insect remains in lentic water bodies. Our results show that the optimum conditions for RPESS occur when terrestrial insects enter a lentic water body in articulation, experience brief decay in association with growth of microbes, then are buried rapidly by airborne volcanic ash. These results provide a model for preservation of articulated terrestrial insects and emphasize the importance of microbial activity and volcanism for insect preservation in lacustrine Konservat Lagerstätten

Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and biostratinomic analysis of the Jurassic Yanliao Lagerstätte in northeastern China

The Middle-Upper Jurassic Yanliao Lagerstätte contains numerous exceptionally preserved fossils of aquatic and land organisms, including insects, salamanders, dinosaurs, pterosaurs and mammaliaforms. Despite extensive study of the diversity and evolutionary implications of the biota, the palaeoenvironmental setting and taphonomy of the fossils remain poorly understood. We reconstruct both the palaeoenvironment of the Daohugou area (one of the most famous Yanliao fossil areas), and the biostratinomy of the fossils. We use high-resolution stratigraphic data from field investigation and excavations to document in detail the stratigraphic succession, lithofacies, facies associations, and biostratinomic features of the Lagerstätte. Our results show that frequent volcanic eruptions generated an extensive volcaniclastic apron and lake(s) in the studied area. The frequent alternation of thin lacustrine deposits and thick volcaniclastic apron deposits indicates either that the studied area was located in the marginal regions of a single lake, where the frequent influx of volcaniclastic apron material caused substantial fluctuations in lake area and thus the frequent lateral alternation of the two facies, or that many short-lived lakes developed on the volcaniclastic apron. Most terrestrial insects were preserved in the laminated, normally graded siltstone, claystone and tuff facies that form many thin intervals with deposits of graded sandstone, siltstone and tuff in between. Within each interval the terrestrial insects occur in many laminae associated with abundant aquatic organisms, but are particularly abundant in some laminae that directly underlie tuff of fallout origin. Most of these terrestrial insects are interpreted to have been killed in the area adjacent to the studied palaeolake(s) during volcanic eruptions. Their carcasses were transported by influxes of fresh volcaniclastic material, primarily meteoric runoff and possibly minor distal pyroclastic flow into the palaeolake(s), and were buried in palaeolake deposits prior to extended decay probably due to a combination of rapid vertical settling, ash fall and water turbulence

A Comprehensive Study of Knowledge Editing for Large Language Models

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown extraordinary capabilities in understanding and generating text that closely mirrors human communication. However, a primary limitation lies in the significant computational demands during training, arising from their extensive parameterization. This challenge is further intensified by the dynamic nature of the world, necessitating frequent updates to LLMs to correct outdated information or integrate new knowledge, thereby ensuring their continued relevance. Note that many applications demand continual model adjustments post-training to address deficiencies or undesirable behaviors. There is an increasing interest in efficient, lightweight methods for on-the-fly model modifications. To this end, recent years have seen a burgeoning in the techniques of knowledge editing for LLMs, which aim to efficiently modify LLMs' behaviors within specific domains while preserving overall performance across various inputs. In this paper, we first define the knowledge editing problem and then provide a comprehensive review of cutting-edge approaches. Drawing inspiration from educational and cognitive research theories, we propose a unified categorization criterion that classifies knowledge editing methods into three groups: resorting to external knowledge, merging knowledge into the model, and editing intrinsic knowledge. Furthermore, we introduce a new benchmark, KnowEdit, for a comprehensive empirical evaluation of representative knowledge editing approaches. Additionally, we provide an in-depth analysis of knowledge location, which can give a deeper understanding of the knowledge structures inherent within LLMs. Finally, we discuss several potential applications of knowledge editing, outlining its broad and impactful implications.Comment: Ongoing work; 52 pages, 282 citations; benchmark is available at https://huggingface.co/datasets/zjunlp/KnowEdit code is available at https://github.com/zjunlp/EasyEdit paper list is available at https://github.com/zjunlp/KnowledgeEditingPaper

La géochimie isotopique du zirconium dans le manteau et la croûte de la terre

The Earth is the only terrestrial planet with plate tectonics, though the timing of its initiation is still vigorously debated. The production of the overwhelming felsic continental crust is usually taken as a proxy to trace the initiation of subduction and, by extension, plate tectonics. Zirconium is a refractory, lithophile, and one of the least fluid mobile elements, therefore its signature is not affected by evaporation, core-mantle segregation or fluid-rock interactions, limiting the potential source of isotopic variations among terrestrial rocks. The recent observation of relatively large Zr stable isotopic variations due to zircon crystallization during magmatic differentiation suggested that Zr stable isotopes could be used as a new proxy to constrain the chemical compositional evolution of Earth's crust. However, the present knowledge of the Zr stable isotopic composition of Earth's envelop is unknown. To further calibrate this potential proxy, the first step is therefore to determine the Zr isotope composition of Earth's mantle and continental crust and their interactions through time. To this end, I have first developed a new analytical protocol to analyze the Zr stable isotopic composition of terrestrial rocks and single minerals of zircons at the highest precision as well as calibrate a new isotopic standard. I have then utilized this new method to establish the secular evolution of the Zr isotopic composition of the Earth's mantle based on komatiites with ages spanning from 2.41 to 3.55 Ga, and modern ocean island basalts. The data demonstrate that the Earth's mantle had a constant Zr isotopic composition through time and we used these data to propose the first estimate of the Zr isotopic composition of the Earth's mantle. In an additional contribution, I have constrained the Zr isotopic composition of the Earth's upper continental crust through time (Mesoarchean to present) based on various sedimentary rocks: glacial diamictites, loess, and oceanic sediments, and demonstrated that Earth's continental crust is isotopically heavier to the Earth's mantle, likely due to fractional crystallization during crustal differentiation. Finally, given that the terrestrial crust is isotopically different from the Earth's mantle in Zr, we utilized Zr isotopes to better understand crustal recycling in the Earth's mantle. We provide an estimation of Zr isotopic systematics for oceanic island lavas collected from geochemically and geologically diverse locations, including High 3He/4He, HIMU, EM1, and EM2 mantle sources. While high 3He/4He, HIMU, and EM1 have indistinguishable Zr isotopic composition within error relative to the mantle, Samoan EM2 lavas are enriched in the heavier isotopes of Zr compared to the Earth's mantle, and the Zr isotopic composition show co-variation with 87Sr/86Sr and 144Nd/143Nd ratios. We show that the Zr isotopic signature is not a result of zircon saturation, mantle melting, and shallow/assimilation but reflect a binary mixing between a slightly depleted mantle with light Zr isotopic composition with a recycled component from the upper continental crust with a heavier isotopic composition.La Terre est la seule planète terrestre à présenter une tectonique des plaques, bien que la date de son déclenchement fasse encore l'objet de débats animés. La production de la croûte continentale felsique est généralement considérée comme un indicateur de l'initiation de la subduction et, par extension, de la tectonique des plaques. Le zirconium est un élément réfractaire, lithophile et l'un des moins mobiles dans les fluides. Son abondance n'est pas affecté par l'évaporation, la ségrégation noyau-manteau ou les interactions fluide-roche, ce qui limite la source potentielle de variations isotopiques entre les roches terrestres. L'observation récente de variations isotopiques stables de Zr relativement importantes dues à la cristallisation du zircon pendant la différenciation magmatique suggère que les isotopes stables de Zr pourraient devenir un nouveau proxy majeur pour contraindre l'évolution de la composition chimique de la croûte terrestre. Cependant, la composition isotopique stable du Zr des enveloppes terrestres est inconnue. Pour calibrer davantage ce proxy, la première étape est donc de déterminer la composition isotopique en Zr du manteau terrestre et de la croûte continentale et leurs interactions au cours du temps. À cette fin, j'ai d'abord développé un nouveau protocole analytique pour analyser la composition isotopique stable du Zr des roches terrestres et des minéraux simples de zircons avec la plus grande précision, ainsi que calibrer un nouvel étalon isotopique. J'ai ensuite utilisé cette nouvelle méthode pour établir l'évolution séculaire de la composition isotopique du Zr du manteau terrestre à partir de komatiites dont l'âge varie de 2,41 à 3,55 Ga, et de basaltes modernes des îles océaniques. Les données démontrent que le manteau terrestre avait une composition isotopique en Zr constante à travers le temps et nous avons utilisé ces données pour proposer la première estimation de la composition isotopique en Zr du manteau terrestre. Dans une autre contribution, j'ai contraint la composition isotopique du Zr de la croûte continentale supérieure de la Terre à travers le temps (du Mésoarchéen à nos jours) en me basant sur diverses roches sédimentaires : diamictites glaciaires, loess et sédiments océaniques, et j'ai démontré que la croûte continentale de la Terre est isotopiquement plus lourde que le manteau de la Terre, probablement en raison de la cristallisation fractionnée pendant la différenciation de la croûte. Enfin, étant donné que la croûte terrestre est isotopiquement différente du manteau terrestre en Zr, nous avons utilisé les isotopes de Zr pour mieux comprendre le recyclage de la croûte dans le manteau terrestre. Nous fournissons une estimation de la systématique isotopique du Zr pour des laves d'îles océaniques recueillies dans des endroits géochimiquement et géologiquement divers, y compris des sources de manteau à haute teneur en 3He/4He, HIMU, EM1 et EM2. Alors que les laves à haute teneur en 3He/4He, HIMU et EM1 ont une composition isotopique en Zr indiscernable du manteau, les laves EM2 de Samoa sont enrichies en isotopes plus lourds du Zr par rapport au manteau terrestre et la composition isotopique en Zr montre une co-variation avec les rapports 87Sr/86Sr et 144Nd/143Nd. Nous montrons que la signature isotopique du Zr n'est pas le résultat de la saturation du zircon, de la fusion et de l'assimilation superficielle du manteau, mais reflète un mélange binaire entre un manteau légèrement appauvri avec une composition isotopique légère du Zr et un composant recyclé de la croûte continentale supérieure avec une composition isotopique plus lourde

La géochimie isotopique du zirconium dans le manteau et la croûte de la terre

The Earth is the only terrestrial planet with plate tectonics, though the timing of its initiation is still vigorously debated. The production of the overwhelming felsic continental crust is usually taken as a proxy to trace the initiation of subduction and, by extension, plate tectonics. Zirconium is a refractory, lithophile, and one of the least fluid mobile elements, therefore its signature is not affected by evaporation, core-mantle segregation or fluid-rock interactions, limiting the potential source of isotopic variations among terrestrial rocks. The recent observation of relatively large Zr stable isotopic variations due to zircon crystallization during magmatic differentiation suggested that Zr stable isotopes could be used as a new proxy to constrain the chemical compositional evolution of Earth's crust. However, the present knowledge of the Zr stable isotopic composition of Earth's envelop is unknown. To further calibrate this potential proxy, the first step is therefore to determine the Zr isotope composition of Earth's mantle and continental crust and their interactions through time. To this end, I have first developed a new analytical protocol to analyze the Zr stable isotopic composition of terrestrial rocks and single minerals of zircons at the highest precision as well as calibrate a new isotopic standard. I have then utilized this new method to establish the secular evolution of the Zr isotopic composition of the Earth's mantle based on komatiites with ages spanning from 2.41 to 3.55 Ga, and modern ocean island basalts. The data demonstrate that the Earth's mantle had a constant Zr isotopic composition through time and we used these data to propose the first estimate of the Zr isotopic composition of the Earth's mantle. In an additional contribution, I have constrained the Zr isotopic composition of the Earth's upper continental crust through time (Mesoarchean to present) based on various sedimentary rocks: glacial diamictites, loess, and oceanic sediments, and demonstrated that Earth's continental crust is isotopically heavier to the Earth's mantle, likely due to fractional crystallization during crustal differentiation. Finally, given that the terrestrial crust is isotopically different from the Earth's mantle in Zr, we utilized Zr isotopes to better understand crustal recycling in the Earth's mantle. We provide an estimation of Zr isotopic systematics for oceanic island lavas collected from geochemically and geologically diverse locations, including High 3He/4He, HIMU, EM1, and EM2 mantle sources. While high 3He/4He, HIMU, and EM1 have indistinguishable Zr isotopic composition within error relative to the mantle, Samoan EM2 lavas are enriched in the heavier isotopes of Zr compared to the Earth's mantle, and the Zr isotopic composition show co-variation with 87Sr/86Sr and 144Nd/143Nd ratios. We show that the Zr isotopic signature is not a result of zircon saturation, mantle melting, and shallow/assimilation but reflect a binary mixing between a slightly depleted mantle with light Zr isotopic composition with a recycled component from the upper continental crust with a heavier isotopic composition.La Terre est la seule planète terrestre à présenter une tectonique des plaques, bien que la date de son déclenchement fasse encore l'objet de débats animés. La production de la croûte continentale felsique est généralement considérée comme un indicateur de l'initiation de la subduction et, par extension, de la tectonique des plaques. Le zirconium est un élément réfractaire, lithophile et l'un des moins mobiles dans les fluides. Son abondance n'est pas affecté par l'évaporation, la ségrégation noyau-manteau ou les interactions fluide-roche, ce qui limite la source potentielle de variations isotopiques entre les roches terrestres. L'observation récente de variations isotopiques stables de Zr relativement importantes dues à la cristallisation du zircon pendant la différenciation magmatique suggère que les isotopes stables de Zr pourraient devenir un nouveau proxy majeur pour contraindre l'évolution de la composition chimique de la croûte terrestre. Cependant, la composition isotopique stable du Zr des enveloppes terrestres est inconnue. Pour calibrer davantage ce proxy, la première étape est donc de déterminer la composition isotopique en Zr du manteau terrestre et de la croûte continentale et leurs interactions au cours du temps. À cette fin, j'ai d'abord développé un nouveau protocole analytique pour analyser la composition isotopique stable du Zr des roches terrestres et des minéraux simples de zircons avec la plus grande précision, ainsi que calibrer un nouvel étalon isotopique. J'ai ensuite utilisé cette nouvelle méthode pour établir l'évolution séculaire de la composition isotopique du Zr du manteau terrestre à partir de komatiites dont l'âge varie de 2,41 à 3,55 Ga, et de basaltes modernes des îles océaniques. Les données démontrent que le manteau terrestre avait une composition isotopique en Zr constante à travers le temps et nous avons utilisé ces données pour proposer la première estimation de la composition isotopique en Zr du manteau terrestre. Dans une autre contribution, j'ai contraint la composition isotopique du Zr de la croûte continentale supérieure de la Terre à travers le temps (du Mésoarchéen à nos jours) en me basant sur diverses roches sédimentaires : diamictites glaciaires, loess et sédiments océaniques, et j'ai démontré que la croûte continentale de la Terre est isotopiquement plus lourde que le manteau de la Terre, probablement en raison de la cristallisation fractionnée pendant la différenciation de la croûte. Enfin, étant donné que la croûte terrestre est isotopiquement différente du manteau terrestre en Zr, nous avons utilisé les isotopes de Zr pour mieux comprendre le recyclage de la croûte dans le manteau terrestre. Nous fournissons une estimation de la systématique isotopique du Zr pour des laves d'îles océaniques recueillies dans des endroits géochimiquement et géologiquement divers, y compris des sources de manteau à haute teneur en 3He/4He, HIMU, EM1 et EM2. Alors que les laves à haute teneur en 3He/4He, HIMU et EM1 ont une composition isotopique en Zr indiscernable du manteau, les laves EM2 de Samoa sont enrichies en isotopes plus lourds du Zr par rapport au manteau terrestre et la composition isotopique en Zr montre une co-variation avec les rapports 87Sr/86Sr et 144Nd/143Nd. Nous montrons que la signature isotopique du Zr n'est pas le résultat de la saturation du zircon, de la fusion et de l'assimilation superficielle du manteau, mais reflète un mélange binaire entre un manteau légèrement appauvri avec une composition isotopique légère du Zr et un composant recyclé de la croûte continentale supérieure avec une composition isotopique plus lourde