Droplet monitoring probe

A droplet monitoring system is disclosed for analysis of mixed-phase fluid flow in development of gas turbines. The system uses a probe comprising two electrical wires spaced a known distance apart and connected at one end to means for establishing a dc potential between the wires. A drop in the fluid stream momentarily contacting both wires simultaneously causes and electrical signal which is amplified, detected and counted

Fundamental Design Principles of Linear Collider Damping Rings, with an Application to CLIC

Damping Rings for Linear Colliders have to produce very small normalised emittances at a high repetition rate. A previous paper presented analytical expressions for the equilibrium emittance of an arc cell as a function of the deflection angle per dipole. In addition, an expression for the lattice parameters providing the minimum emittance, and a strategy to stay close to this, were proposed. This analytical approach is extended to the detailed design of Damping Rings, taking into account the straight sections and the damping wigglers. Complete rings, including wiggler and injection insections, were modelled with the MAD [1] program, and their performance was found to be in good agreement with the analytical calculation. With such an approach it is shown that a Damping Ring corresponding to the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) parameters at 0.5 and 1 TeV centre-of-mass energy, and tunable for two different sets of emittance and injection repetition rate, can be designed using the same ring layout

Peak or sustained antibiotic serum levels for optimal tissue penetration

A comparative study of the levels of netilmicin in bronchial secretions after intermittent and during continuous intravenous injections was performed. During the first 2 h, the areas under the drug concentration curves in the bolus injection experiment were greater in serum and in bronchial secretions (206 and 150% respectively) than those associated with the continuous infusion (P<0.001); however, during the 8 h experimental period, the areas under the curves were similar in serum and bronchial secretions with the two modes of administration. The percentages of penetration of netilmicin from the blood to the bronchial lumen were also similar with the two modes of administration (19%). After intramuscular administration of amikacin (7.5 and 12.5 mg/kg twice daily), the peak bronchial secretion levels of the drug were 4.4 and 10.1 mg/l respectively and the trough levels about 1 mg/l. During continuous iv injection of amikacin (7-12 mg/kg/8 h), the drug level in the bronchial secretions was only 2.0 mg/l and the percentage of penetration was 14.9% adequate anti-Pseudomonas activity in bronchial secretions was rarely achieved. It is therefore suggested that intermittent injections of aminoglycosides can result in at least transitory higher bronchial secretion levels than continuous injection: the intermittent schedule of antibiotic administration could therefore be recommended in the treatment of bronchopulmonary infections since it has been suggested that the concentration of antibiotic in bronchial secretions could be important in the outcome of these infection

Treatment of streptococcal endocarditis with a single daily dose of ceftriaxone sodium for 4 weeks. Efficacy and outpatient treatment feasibility

OBJECTIVE--To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ceftriaxone sodium in the treatment of streptococcal endocarditis. DESIGN--An open, multicenter, noncomparative study with a follow-up of patients for 4 months to 5 years. SETTING--Internal medicine wards and outpatient clinics of hospitals of various sizes in three European countries. PATIENTS--Fifty-nine patients with defined criteria for streptococcal endocarditis. INTERVENTION--Ceftriaxone sodium administered at a once-daily dose of 2 g for 4 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Clinical outcome and microbiological cure rate. RESULTS--Among the 59 patients, 55 completed the treatment and were followed up for 4 months to 5 years. No patients showed evidence of relapse. Treatment was completely uneventful in 42 patients (71%). A cardiac valve was replaced in four patients (7%) receiving antimicrobial therapy and in six patients (10%) who had completed antimicrobial therapy. One of the 10 valves taken for culture at surgery was positive, but only for microorganisms that were different from the microorganism isolated before the treatment. The treatment had to be interrupted in four patients because of drug allergy. Other side effects were mild except for two cases of reversible neutropenia. The treatment was easy to administer: 27 patients (46%) had no permanent intravenous catheter at any time, seven patients (12%) had such a catheter for less than 4 days. Twenty-three patients (39%) were discharged from the hospital less than 2 weeks after admission. CONCLUSIONS.--Ceftriaxone sodium administered at a once-daily dose of 2 g appears to be an effective and safe treatment of streptococcal endocarditis. In hospitals, this agent may be more convenient to administer than penicillin G with or without aminoglycosides. Some patients may even be treated as outpatients

Isochronous Optics and Related Measurements in EPA

The time structure of the CLIC (Compact Linear Collider) drive beam is obtained by the combination of electron bunch trains in rings using RF deflectors [1]. The rings must be isochronous, in order to preserve the bunch length and separation during the combination process (4-5 turns). A first isochronicity test has been performed in the CERN EPA (Electron Positron Accumulator) ring. The calculated isochronous lattice can be obtained by changing the strength of existing quadrupole families without hardware modifications. Measurements of the synchrotron frequency and of the beam's time structure have been made for both the normal and the isochronous lattices. Streak camera measurements of the bunch length have been used to tune the lattice around the isochronous point. The bunch length increases rapidly over a few turns in the normal case, while no appreciable bunch lengthening is observed over 50 turns in the isochronous case. A quantitative evaluation of the momentum compaction is obtained by measuring the bunch separation in a train when close to, and far from, the isochronous condition. Plans for future tests in the EPA ring are also outline

Beam Dynamics for the CTF3 Preliminary Phase

In the framework of the CLIC RF power source studies, the new scheme of electron pulse compression and bunch frequency multiplication, using injection by RF deflectors into an isochronous ring, will be tested at CERN during the CTF3 preliminary phase. The present LPI complex will be modified in order to allow a test of this scheme at low charge. The design of the new front-end, of the modified linac, of the matched transfer line, and of the isochronous ring lattice is presented here.The results of the related beam dynamics studies are also discussed

Tracking a Marine Ecotourism Star: Movements of the Short Ocean Sunfish Mola ramsayi in Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia

Ocean sunfishes, Molidae, comprise the world’s heaviest bony fishes. They include the short mola, Mola ramsayi (Giglioli 1883), an important tourist draw at Nusa Penida and Nusa Lembongan, Bali, where SCUBA divers can observe ectoparasite-laden individuals being cleaned by smaller reef fishes. Despite widespread appeal, little is known about these fishes relative to regional oceanography. We present the first behavioral information for this species anywhere in the world. Satellite tag data indicate a wide thermal range (10–27.5°C) with depth occupation mostly (95%) in the upper 250 m and habitat preference near the bottom of the warm surface layer. One tag popped off as scheduled after 6 months off Nusa Penida, deployment; 142 km south after 7 days of deployment; and 162 km south after 24 days of deployment. Amid mounting tourist pressures and bycatch of M. ramsayi in eastern regions of Indonesia, such as Alor, behavioral information of this species is essential for effective management and conservation of this valuable marine ecotourism asset

Beam Dynamics for the Preliminary Phase of the New CLIC Test Facility (CTF3)

In the framework of the CLIC (Compact Linear Collider) RF power source studies, the scheme of electron pulse compression and bunch frequency mulitiplication, using injection by RF deflectors into an isochronous ring, will be tested, at low charge, during the preliminary phase of the new CLIC Test Facility (CTF3) at CERN. In this paper, we describe the beam dynamics studies made in order to assess the feasibility of the bunch combination experiment, as well as the related beam measurements performed on the LEP Pre-Injector complex (LPI) before its transformation into CTF

WISE: A Simulation of the LHC Optics including Magnet Geometrical Data

The beam dynamics in the LHC require a tight control of the field quality and geometry of its magnets. At the EPAC06 we presented the simulation tool WISE which generates magnetic field errors to be used as input to the MAD-X program. This paper describes the evolution in the WISE software since EPAC06. The allocation of magnets to lattice positions is completed, and therefore there is no more need for simulated allocations. Geometric axis measurements are now available for all cryostats. Furthermore, survey data is available to estimate the precision of the magnet installation (alignment). This paper discusses how the new data is used in connection with MAD-X simulations to give the most recent figures for beta-beating at injection (450 GeV) and collision energy (7 TeV)

Satellite Tracking and Site Fidelity of Short Ocean Sunfish, Mola ramsayi, in the Galapagos Islands

Ocean sunfishes, with their peculiar morphology, large size, and surface habits, are valuable assets in ecotourism destinations worldwide. This study investigates site fidelity and long-range movements of short ocean sunfish, Mola ramsayi (Giglioli 1883), at Punta Vicente Roca (PVR) off Isabela Island in the Galapagos Islands. Five individuals were tracked between 32 and 733 days using ultrasonic receivers and transmitters. Two of the 5 were also tracked with towed pop-off satellite tags. One travelled to the equatorial front covering 2700 km in 53 days, with dive depths in the upper 360 m at temperatures between 9.2°C and 22°C. During its westward travel, dives extended to 1112 m (the deepest depth yet recorded for Molidae) into temperatures ranging between 4.5°C and 23.2°C. The remaining four individuals demonstrated site fidelity to PVR and were detected at the site between 128–1361 times for a total of 3557 reports. Forty-eight percent of the reports occurred during daytime hours and 52% after dark. Presumed cleaning session durations had a median of 15 minutes and a maximum of nearly 100 minutes. No other ultrasonic arrays around Galapagos or in the Eastern Pacific regional network recorded the presence of tagged individuals. These data are combined with tourist vessel sightings and submersible observations to confirm Punta Vicente Roca as an important sunfish hotspot