Siberian Babilon: swedish prisoners of war in the 18th century

The article was submitted on 10.06.2015.The article is devoted to the history of Swedes in Siberia from their capture in 1709 until their release after the signing of a peace treaty in 1721. The analysis is based on memoirs, diaries and literary works as well as documents from the Tyumen State Archive. The article examines the way in which the prisoners preserved their identity in exile. The Lutherans’ hostility towards the Russian Orthodox Church followers and those of their compatriots, who decided to join it, increased the prisoners’ religious isolation. The paper also considers their inclusion into cultural life and their interest in other groups of people by whose side they spent over a decade. There was an urgent issue connected with starting and leading a family life. Given the shortage of Lutheran brides in Siberia, the prisoners had to develop appropriate marriage strategies. As a result, many widows became involved in a new relationship immediately after the death of their husbands. Most interfaith marriages broke up and the Russian Orthodox wives were abandoned together with their children in Russia after the peace treaty of 1721 and the return of the prisoners to their homeland. The community of the Swedes was formed by more than 75 colonies dispersed throughout the country. They were mostly located in three regions, i. e. Central, Volga and Western Siberia. The colonies were associated with the Field Commissariat established in Moscow and ten administrative offices for prisoners of war. Senior army officers and aristocrats were settled in the capital and its suburban monasteries; most of the rank and file and junior officers worked in factories and shipyards. The most educated groups of officers resided in the Asian part of Russia, organizing the most active and successful colony in Tobolsk. Religion became the backbone and axis around which their community life concentrated, allowing the prisoners to accept their destiny and preserve their identity. The prisoners themselves initiated the establishment of institutions necessary for a full-fledged religious life in exile. They established congregationsservices, as well as schools for both their children and people who wanted to nurture their spirituality. Stories of the Old Testament turned out to be the most appropriate for the prisoners’ sentiments. Captivity and exile to Siberia were perceived by many as punishment for their sins, similar to the Old Testament Babylonian captivity and deliverance, eventually leading to purification and spiritual growth. This helps explain why during captivity, many officers not only received religious education, but also took active part in the Christianization of the peoples of Siberia and described their indigenous religions. Such a goal gave their stay in Siberia a deep sense of universal meaning, helping them overcome the hardships of captivity and exile, while hoping to eventually return to their homeland.Статья посвящена истории нахождения шведов в Сибири с момента их захвата в 1709 г. и до освобождения после подписания мирного договора в 1721 г. На материалах мемуаров, дневников, литературных сочинений шведов и документов Тобольского филиала Тюменского государственного архива в статье рассматривается то, каким образом пленные сохраняли свою идентичность в местах ссылки. Конфессиональный изоляционизм пленных поддерживался неприязнью, которую испытывали лютеране к представителям православного исповедания и тем из своих соотечественников, кто перешел в него. Рассмотрены вопросы приобщения пленных к местной культурной жизни и их интерес к людям, рядом с которыми они провели более десятка лет. Одной из острых проблем, с которыми пришлось столкнуться пленным в Сибири, было создание семьи. В условиях нехватки невест лютеранского вероисповедания пленные вырабатывали свои стратегии брачного поведения. Так, многие вдовы неизбежно оказывались вовлечены в новые отношения сразу после смерти мужей. Большинство межконфессиональных браков с православными невестами распалось после заключения мирного договора и возвращения пленных на родину. Авторами установлено, что диаспора пленных шведов представляла собой систему из 75 самостоятельных колоний-поселений, разбросанных по всей стране. В основном они были сосредоточены в трех регионах – центральном, приволжском и западно-сибирском. Колонии были связаны с фельд-комиссариатом, учрежденным в Москве, и с десятью представительствами на местах размещения военнопленных. Высшие армейские чины и аристократия были поселены в столице и ее пригородных монастырях; большая часть рядовых и младших офицеров трудились на заводах и верфях. Наиболее образованная часть офицерства оказалась на территории Азиатской части России, в особенности на Урале и в Западной Сибири. Самой организованной, активной и успешно адаптированной являлась колония в Тобольске. Документы свидетельствуют, что в кризисной ситуации плена религия стала системообразующей осью, вокруг которой концентрировалась жизнь сообщества пленных. При этом инициатива по созданию институтов, необходимых для полнокровной религиозной жизни в изгнании, зарождалась в среде самих пленных. Они активно создавали приходы и группы для обсуждения религиозных вопросов, обустраивали места для общественной службы, школы для молодежи и желающих поднять уровень своего духовного образования. Сюжеты Ветхого Завета оказались более близки настроениям узников. Плен и высылка в Сибирь воспринимались многими как наказание за грехи, аналогичное ветхозаветному Вавилонскому плену, а освобождение связывалось с очищением и духовным ростом. Многие видели свою миссию в просвещении аборигенного населения и приняли активное участие в описании его религиозных традиций и христианизации

Record linkage in the historical population register for norway

The Historical Population Register (HPR) of Norway aims to cover the country’s population between 1800 and 1964 when the current Central Population Register (CPR) takes over. This may be feasible due to relatively complete church and other vital registers filling the gaps between the decennial censuses-In 1801 and from 1865 these censuses were nominative. Because of legal reasons with respect to privacy, a restricted access database will be constructed for the period ca. 1920 until 1964. We expect, however, that the software we have developed for automating record linkage in the open period until 1920 will also be applicable in the later period. This chapter focuses on the record linkage between the censuses and the church registers for the period 1800 until around 1920. We give special attention to database structure, the identification of individuals and challenges concerning record linkage. The potentially rich Nordic source material will become optimally accessible once the nominal records are linked in order to describe persons, families and places longitudinally with permanent ids for all persons and source entries. This has required the development of new linkage techniques combining both automatic and manual methods, which have already identified more than a million persons in two or more sources. Local databases show that we may expect linkage rates between two-thirds and 90 % for different periods and parts of the country. From an international perspective, there are no comparable open HPRs with the same countrywide coverage built by linking multiple source types. Thus, the national population registry of Norway will become a unique historical source for the last two centuries, to be used in many different multi-disciplinary research projects. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

Mixed Marriages in Late Nineteenth to Early Twentieth Century: Comparing Russia and Norway

This article compares interethnic and interreligious marriages in Russia and Norway during the decades around 1900. State churches dominated religious life in both countries with over 90 percent of the population but both were losing influence during the period we focus on—rapidly in Russia after the 1917 Revolution. The part on Norway employs nominative and aggregate census material which from 1865 asked questions about religious affiliation, while the Russian case study utilizes the database of church microdata being built for Ekaterinburg—a railway hub and an industrial city in the Middle Urals, in Asia—in addition to census aggregates. Our main conclusion is that religion was a stronger regulator of intermarriage than ethnicity. Religious intermarriage was unusual in Ekaterinburg, even if official regulations were softened by the State over time—the exception is during World War I, when there was a deficit of young, Russian men at home and influx of refugees and Austro-Hungarian Prisoners of War (mostly Catholics and Lutherans). The situation was also affected by the 1917 Revolution creating equal rights for all religious denominations. The relatively few religious intermarriages in Norway were mostly between members of different Protestant congregations—nonmembers being the only group who often outmarried. We conclude that representatives of ethnic minorities and new religions seldom outmarry when religion was important for maintaining their identity. © 2020 The Author(s).The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article: The URAPP database was built and researched with financial support from the Russian Science Foundation grant, (Project Number 16-18-10105). Additional transcription of the church records and their analyses, record linkage, family reconstruction as well as the final stage of preparing the article were sponsored by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, (Project Number 19-29-07154). Elizaveta Zabolotnykh's work was funded by Insitute of History and Archeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, for the project "Historical continuity and transformation processes in the context of anthropo-natural interactions" (State registration number AAAA-A19-119080590022-9, 2019-2021)

The stroke oxygen pilot study: a randomized control trial of the effects of routine oxygen supplementation early after acute stroke--effect on key outcomes at six months

Introduction: Post-stroke hypoxia is common, and may adversely affect outcome. We have recently shown that oxygen supplementation may improve early neurological recovery. Here, we report the six-month outcomes of this pilot study. Methods: Patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute stroke were randomized within 24 h of admission to oxygen supplementation at 2 or 3 L/min for 72 h or to control treatment (room air). Outcomes (see below) were assessed by postal questionnaire at 6 months. Analysis was by intention-to-treat, and statistical significance was set at p#0.05. Results: Out of 301 patients randomized two refused/withdrew consent and 289 (148 in the oxygen and 141 in the control group) were included in the analysis: males 44%, 51%; mean (SD) age 73 (12), 71 (12); median (IQR) National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score 6 (3, 10), 5 (3, 10) for the two groups respectively. At six months 22 (15%) patients in the oxygen group and 20 (14%) in the control group had died; mean survival in both groups was 162 days (p= 0.99). Median (IQR) scores for the primary outcome, the modified Rankin Scale, were 3 (1, 5) and 3 (1, 4) for the oxygen and control groups respectively. The covariate-adjusted odds ratio was 1.04 (95% CI 0.67, 1.60), indicating that the odds of a lower (i.e. better) score were non-significantly higher in the oxygen group (p= 0.86). The mean differences in the ability to perform basic (Barthel Index) and extended activities of daily living (NEADL), and quality of life (EuroQol) were also non-significant. Conclusions: None of the key outcomes differed at 6 months between the groups. Although not statistically significant and generally of small magnitude, the effects were predominantly in favour of the oxygen group; a larger trial, powered to show differences in longer-term functional outcomes, is now on-going. Trial Registration: Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN12362720; Eudract.ema.europa.eu 2004-001866-4

Mortality of the Orthodox Adult Population in Ekaterinburg during the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries

Поступила в редакцию: 15.08.2021. Принята к печати: 29.10.2021.Submitted: 15.08.2021. Accepted: 29.10.2021.Традиционно исследования исторической смертности фокусировались на изучении национальной, региональной либо локальной специфики. Создание баз индивидуальных данных позволило изучать смертность на уровне индивидов, отдельных семей и поколений. При этом роль ближайшего окружения, не состоявшего в кровном родстве, учитывалась редко. Между тем, стремительная урбанизация разрушила семейные связи и каналы трансляции традиционных моделей демографического поведения. Одновременно возрастала роль внесемейных факторов, главным из которых был церковный приход, с конца XIX в. постепенно трансформировавшийся в соседское сообщество — прообраз городского микрорайона. Предлагаемая работа нацелена на исследование смертности взрослого населения Екатеринбурга конца XIX — начала XX в. и ее дифференциации между приходами Русской православной церкви. Источниковую базу составили официальная статистика и база данных «Регистр населения Урала», созданная на основе метрических книг за 1880–1919 гг. пяти православных приходов Екатеринбурга. В ходе исследования была выполнена реконструкция динамики смертности по каждому приходу и городу в целом; восстановлена структура смертности; вычислен средний возраст смертности; проведен анализ причин, ее вызвавших; проанализирована сезонность. В итоге можно заключить, что каждый из пяти православных приходов имел определенную демографическую специфику. На смертность влиял экономический профиль района и направление городской застройки, большое значение имело расположение крупных социальных объектов на территории прихода. Проведенное исследование позволило выявить определенную стабильность и респектабельность Богоявленского и отчасти Вознесенского прихода; «мигрантскую» специфику Александро-Невского и Свято-Духовского; и некий средний, близкий общегородскому, характер района, соответствовавшего приходу Екатерининского собора.Traditionally, studies of historical mortality have focused on the national, regional, or local levels. Currently, the creation of individual level databases has made it possible to study mortality at the individual and family levels, also following people over generations. However, this research rarely considered non-family relations; at the same time, rapid urbanisation during the late nineteenth century severed many family ties and hindered the transmission of traditional models for demographic behaviour. Thus, the role of non-family factors increased, the main of which was the church parish, which since the end of the nineteenth century gradually transformed into a neighborhood community — the prototype of the urban microdistrict. This research aims to study the mortality of the adult population of Ekaterinburg during the decades around 1900, differentiating between the parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church. The sources consist of official statistics and the Ural Population Project database, which was created based on the metric (church) books. The authors reconstruct the full development of mortality for each parish and for Ekaterinburg as a whole; map the structure of mortality, calculate the average age at death, as well as analyse the causes of death and its seasonality. As a result, it may be concluded that each of the five Orthodox parishes indeed had a certain demographic specificity. Mortality was influenced by the economic profile of the area and the trend of urban development, where the location of social facilities on the territory of each parish was of great importance.Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ и Правительства Свердловской области, грант № 20-49-660013 «Городские элиты Екатеринбурга конца XVIII — начала XX века: 250 лет социальной и демографической эволюции».The research is sponsored by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and Government of Sverdlovsk Region, project 20-49-660013 “Urban Elites of Ekaterinburg at the End of the 18th — Beginning of the 20th Centuries: 250 Years of Social and Demographic Evolution”

The SOS Pilot Study: a RCT of routine oxygen supplementation early after acute stroke—effect on recovery of neurological function at one week

Mild hypoxia is common after stroke and associated with poor long-term outcome. Oxygen supplementation could prevent hypoxia and improve recovery. A previous study of routine oxygen supplementation showed no significant benefit at 7 and 12 months. This pilot study reports the effects of routine oxygen supplementation for 72 hours on oxygen saturation and neurological outcomes at 1 week after a stroke

Eligibility for sacubitril/valsartan in heart failure across the ejection fraction spectrum: real-world data from the Swedish Heart Failure Registry.

BACKGROUND: Randomized controlled trials (RCT) generalizability may be limited due to strict patient selection. OBJECTIVE: In a real-world heart failure (HF) population, we assessed eligibility for sacubitril/valsartan based on PARADIGM-HF (sacubitril/valsartan effective)/PARAGON-HF [sacubitril/valsartan effective in mildly reduced ejection fraction (EF)]. METHODS: Outpatients from the Swedish HF Registry (SwedeHF) were analysed. In SwedeHF, EF is recorded as  median as EF ≥ 50%. We assessed 2 scenarios: (i) criteria likely to influence treatment decisions (pragmatic scenario); (ii) all criteria (literal scenario). RESULTS: Of 37 790 outpatients, 57% had EF < 40%, 24% EF 40-49% and 19% EF ≥ 50%. In the pragmatic scenario, 63% were eligible in EF < 50% (67% for EF < 40% and 52% for 40-49%) and 52% in EF ≥ 40% (52% for EF ≥ 50%). For the literal scenario, 32% were eligible in EF < 50% (38% of EF < 40%, 20% of EF 40-49%) and 22% in EF ≥ 40% (25% for EF ≥ 50%). Eligible vs. noneligible patients had more severe HF, more comorbidities and overall worse outcomes. CONCLUSION: In a real-world HF outpatient cohort, 81% of patients had EF < 50%, with 63% eligible for sacubitril/valsartan based on pragmatic criteria and 32% eligible based on literal trial criteria. Similar eligibility was observed for EF 40-49% and ≥50%, suggesting that our estimates for EF < 50% may be reproduced whether or not a higher cut-off for EF is considered