The evolution of Southeast Asian regionalism: security, economic development and foreign power Support for regional initiatives, 1947-77

Policy objectives for Southeast Asian regionalism had been evolving since the end of the Second World War. Economic development viewed as essential for establishing peace and stability in Southeast Asia and the links between development and security were evident in the elaboration of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Also evident was the second-line support provided by external powers. While ASEAN was a regional initiative that came out of the Bangkok talks to end Confrontation, Western governments had been formulating regional cooperation policies in Southeast Asia decades prior. Economic development viewed as essential for containing communist influence and preventing internal insurgencies in the region. Growth and prosperity would come through regional development programs with external support. This would then expand to some form of collective security led by the Southeast Asian nations themselves. Regionalism viewed as one way of providing economic assistance to newly independent nations without the appearance of foreign interference in regional affairs. Therefore, the evolution of Southeast Asian regionalism was a combined effort of foreign power support for Asian initiatives throughout the economic development with the aim to provide security during the political transformation of the region from the post-war period into the early years of ASEAN and the aftermath of the war in Vietnam

The "F" word: The challenge of feminism and the practice of counselling twenty years on

This article revisions feminist thinking from the point of view of seven practitioners/researchers currently working in New Zealand. It arises from embodied pain, passionate commitments, and a shared curiosity about purposeful feminism in our work. We explore the challenges for us as counsellors to express feminism in our practice in ways that will meet the needs of women and men. The article aims to challenge practice by performing a number of feminisms in response to particular contexts. It speaks our practices as women

The Effects of Dietary Supplements on Bone Density and Nutritional Status of Elderly Women

Seventy-six ambulatory women with a mean age of 68 years participated in a 12-month study of the effects of fluoride, with and without multivitamin and calcium phosphate supplements, on nutritional status including bone density. Mean daily nutrient intakes calculated from 4- to 7-day weighed food intakes were 15 19 kcal including 15% from protein and 36% from fat; others were 797 mg calcium, 1000 mg phosphorus, and 8.6 mg iron. Mean intakes by 59 women who were not receiving vitamin supplements were 5800 IU of vitamin A and 35 mg of ascorbic acid. Mean blood hemoglobin was 13.9 g/100 ml; serum calcium and phosphorus level means were 9.60 and 3.35 mg/100 ml, respectively. A mean of 1.92 mg of phosphorus was released by alkaline phosphatase, while the mean cholesterol level was 222 mg/100 ml. Mean serum levels of total protein and albumin were 6. 77 and 3.67 g/100 ml, respectively, and the A/G ratio was 1.22. Plasma ascorbic acid averaged 0.34 mg/100 ml and serum vitamin A, 50.4 ug/100 ml for the women who were not receiving vitamin supplements. The mean bone density index of the left phalanx 5-2 was 0.8 19 g equivalents of alloy per cc of bone, while mean height and weight were 156.3 cm and 65.4 kg, respectively. Canonical correlation showed an age-associated decrease in bone density, height, weight, and intake of protein, calcium, phosphorus, and ascorbic acid. The group of 76 women was divided into 4 groups, approximately equal in number, matched for bone density, age, and weight. Fluoride was administered at a level of 0.25 mg/kg body weight/day as a single therapeutic agent to one group and in combination with 464 mg calcium and 360 mg phosphorus as calcium phosphate and 25, 000 IU vitamin A and 200 mg ascorbic acid in a multivitamin capsule to another group. The diets of another group of women were supplemented with 464 mg calcium and 360 mg phosphorus, while the diets of 19 of the women were not supplemented. Subgroups of 4 subjects from each experimental group participated in metabolic balance studies. Metabolic studies and bone density measurements were repeated after 4 months of supplementation and all tests were repeated after 12 months. After supplementation, minor differences in nutrient intakes and blood levels occurred in the groups receiving fluoride. Consumption of calcium decreased in the group which received fluoride, although the final mean intake was 76 1 mg per day. In the group receiving fluoride in combination with calcium phosphate and vitamin supplements, increases in plasma ascorbic acid and serum vitamin A and decreases in serum total protein, calcium, and phosphorus were obtained. Nevertheless, all values remained within normal ranges. Supplementation with fluoride alone resulted in a significant increase (10%) in bone density, and fluoride in combination with calcium phosphate and vitamins produced a 4% increase. Insignificant increases in bone density were observed when the diet was unsupplemented (2%) or supplemented with calcium phosphate (2.5%). Nitrogen balances remained positive throughout the study. An age-associated defect in calcium absorption was indicated in all experimental groups. Changes in neither calcium nor phosphorus balances correlated with those in bone density. Positive balances of these nutrients were shown when fluoride accompanied the supplements of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamins but bone density decreased in 2 of the 4 subjects in that subgroup. All members of the balance group receiving fluoride alone exhibited negative balances of calcium and phosphorus while bone density increased. No adverse effects of fluoride supplementation were observed in any of the women during the study. The biological significance of a decrease in serum calcium has not been elucidated; a shift of serum calcium to bone, or a reduction in calcium mobilized from bone (possibly lowering serum calcium), may be advantageous. Increases in bone density in response to fluoride without alterations in dietary intake or blood constituents, other than serum calcium, tends to encourage further exploration of the prophylactic as well as therapeutic benefits of low-level fluoride supplementation

Design and implementation of a relational data base system for a minicomputer

Journal ArticleA data base system provides the advantages of centralized control of data including increased data independence. Design specifications for a low level relational data base interface are given in the form of a formal description which separates the implementation details from the description of the functions making up the interface. The formal description may be used by both the user and implementer of the system. The minicomputer implementation of the data base system described is intended to be used directly by application programmers or as a base on which to build a higher level interface. The functions making up the system are FORTRAN callable subroutines making it convenient for minicomputer application programs to use the system. A method of utilizing the low level interface to implement a higher level interface based on the relational algebra is outlined

Evaluating the Cephalonia method of library induction

This is a PDF version of an article published in SCONUL Focus© 2007. SCONUL Focus is available online at http://www.sconul.ac.uk/publications/newsletterThis article discusses the results of a survey carried out at the University of Chester library into student feedback of the Cephalonia method of library induction

Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology of Epithelioid Leiomyoblastoma

Purpose. Epithelioid leiomyoblastomas comprise the majority of gastric sarcomas and are uncommon in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Diagnosis of this lesion by fine-needle aspiration cytology has been occasionally described in the literature. Two additional cases are herein reported

Volume 16, Number 3, September 1996 OLAC Newsletter

Digitized September 1996 issue of the OLAC Newsletter

Talking Heads

This transcript of the broadcast program includes interview with Wendy Suiter, discussing the collaborative project- an opera based on one of Sue Woolfe\u27s books, for which I am writing the music which will use virtual instruments created digitally from sampled found sounds