Fish community composition in small lakes: The impact of lake genesis and fisheries management

Gravel pit lakes are common across Europe. These novel ecosystems serve as model systems to study human‐induced and natural colonisation of isolated lakes by fish. Fisheries‐management activities can quickly spread species over large distances, possibly homogenising fish communities across ecosystems, while fostering local fish diversity. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of lake genesis (gravel pit lakes < 100 years old vs. natural lakes of glacial genesis ~10,000 years old) and fisheries management (fish stocking activities present vs. absent) on the fish community in small lakes, while controlling for key environmental variables known to affect lake fish communities. We sampled fish communities by electrofishing and multimesh gillnetting in 47 isolated lakes managed for fisheries, and 19 unmanaged and isolated lakes of both natural and artificial origin in northern Germany. Unmanaged lakes were used as reference to assess fisheries‐management impacts in small natural and artificial lakes. We caught 178,506 fish from 30 species and found that the accumulation of native lake fish species in lakes was associated with fisheries management, which increased local species richness (α‐diversity) and number of predatory species, and reduced among‐lake variation in fish community composition (β‐diversity; i.e., homogenisation). The homogenisation‐effect associated with fisheries happened with introduced native fish species, whereas non‐native species were rarely detected. In unmanaged gravel pit lakes, the littoral fish community composition was substantially different to the communities present in both types of managed lakes and unmanaged natural lakes. Therefore, the relatively young unmanaged gravel pit lakes revealed evidence of ongoing, stochastic colonisation processes that resulted in comparatively species‐poor fish communities. We concluded that fisheries management by anglers speeds up the colonisation of gravel pit lakes with native fish species in the study area. For planning initial fish introductions in newly created gravel pit lakes, it is recommended that fish communities from ecologically similar natural lakes within the same geographical region are used as references to maintain the biotic integrity of newly created fish communities.This work was jointly supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) with funds granted by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU; grant number: 16LC1320A).Peer Reviewe

Behavioural and fitness effects of translocation to a novel environment: Whole‐lake experiments in two aquatic top predators

Translocation into a novel environment through common fisheries management practices, such as fish stocking, provides opportunities to study behavioural and fitness impacts of translocations at realistic ecological scales. The process of stocking, as well as the unfamiliarity with novel ecological conditions and the interactions with resident fish may affect translocated individuals, leading to alterations of behaviours and causing fitness impacts. Our objectives were to investigate how aquatic top predators behaviourally establish themselves and compete with resident individuals following introduction in a novel lake environment and to investigate the resulting fitness consequences. Using high‐resolution acoustic telemetry, we conducted whole‐lake experiments and compared the activity, activity‐space size and fate of translocated and resident individuals in two model top predators, the northern pike Esox lucius (n = 160) and European catfish Silurus glanis (n = 33). Additionally, we compared the reproductive success of translocated and resident northern pike. The experiment was conducted with large (adult) individuals of different origins, resilient to predation, but subject to agonistic interactions and competition with resident fish. Over a period of several months, the translocated catfish exhibited consistently larger activity‐space sizes than resident catfish, but did not differ from residents in activity and survival. The pike from one of the two translocated origins we tested also showed elevated space‐use, and both translocated origins revealed higher mortality rates than their resident conspecifics, indicating maladjustment to their novel environment. When non‐resident pike reproduced, they overwhelmingly produced hybrid offspring with resident fish, indicating that introductions fostered gene flow of non‐native genes. Our study indicates that fish introductions result in behavioural and fitness impacts even in large‐bodied top predators that experience low levels of natural predation risk.Leibniz CommunityBesatzfisch (German Federal Ministry for Education and Research)Peer Reviewe

Estimating and mitigating post-release mortality of European eel by combining citizen science with a catch-and-release angling experiment

Several anguillid eel species have experienced severe population declines over the past decades, particularly the European eel (Anguilla anguilla), which is listed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. To reduce fishing mortality, many European countries have introduced strict recreational eel fishing regulations increasing regulatory catch-and-release (C&R) practice. Despite high release rates, only limited information exists on the potential consequences of C&R on eels. A field experiment was conducted with pre-tagged eels in a semi-natural environment to investigate lethal and sublethal impacts of C&R. The experiment was combined with a citizen science study evaluating the effects of different hooks on catch rates, fish size, and hooking location to develop best practice guidelines. Short-term mortality (≤72 h) ranged from 0.0–18.2%, and adjusted long-term mortality (>72 h) from 0.0–46.2% depending on treatments, resulting in adjusted total mortality rates between 8.4% and 64.4% at the end of the study period (≥43 d). The only significant predictor of mortality was the occurrence of bleeding from hooking injuries. Deep hooking was common, and only few deep-hooked eels for which the fishing line was cut and the hook left in place shed the hook after release. However, no significant effect of C&R on eel condition was found. The citizen science study showed that anglers can significantly decrease the catch of small eels, and thus release rates, by using large J-hooks. Furthermore, large J-hooks or circle hooks reduced the likelihood of deep hooking compared to small J-hooks. Post-release mortality of eels caught in recreational fisheries needs to be considered in future stock assessments and management plans to ensure conservation of the European eel. This study also highlights the strength of combining citizen science with experimental studies to develop best practice guidelines promoting fish conservation.publishedVersio

Positioning aquatic animals with acoustic transmitters

Geolocating aquatic animals with acoustic tags has been ongoing for decades, relying on the detection of acoustic signals at multiple receivers with known positions to calculate a 2D or 3D position, and ultimately recreate the path of an aquatic animal from detections at fixed stations.This method of underwater geolocation is evolving with new software and hardware options available to help investigators design studies and calculate positions using solvers based predominantly on time-difference-of-arrival and time-of-arrival.We provide an overview of the considerations necessary to implement positioning in aquatic acoustic telemetry studies, including how to design arrays of receivers, test performance, synchronize receiver clocks and calculate positions from the detection data. We additionally present some common positioning algorithms, including both the free open-source solvers and the 'black-box' methods provided by some manufacturers for calculating positions.This paper is the first to provide a comprehensive overview of methods and considerations for designing and implementing better positioning studies that will support users, and encourage further knowledge advances in aquatic systems

Social networks in elasmobranchs and teleost fishes

Over the last decade, there has been an exponential increase in studies using social network analysis to describe the structure of animal societies. In this synthesis, we examine the contribution of social network analysis towards developing our understanding of the social organization of elasmobranchs and teleost fishes. We review and discuss the current state of knowledge of the mechanisms and functions underpinning social network structure in fishes with particular emphasis on cooperation, familiarity, site fidelity, population structure and the welfare of captive populations. We also discuss important methodological issues (e.g. how to identify and mark fish) and highlight new developments in this area of research and their implications for the study of fish behaviour. Finally, we outline promising future research areas for the application of social network analysis to teleost fishes and elasmobranchs

The phenotypic correlates of individual vulnerability to angling

Das Potential evolutionärer Veränderungen von lebensgeschichtlichen Merkmalen durch kommerzielle Fischerei fand in den vergangenen Jahren große Beachtung, wohingegen das evolutionäre Potential selektiver anglerischer Fischentnahme kaum berücksichtigt wurde. Durch intensive Beschreibung individueller Merkmale wie Verhalten, Lebensgeschichte, Morphologie und Physiologie der Fische habe ich die phänotypischen Korrelate der individuellen Angelfangbarkeit entflechtet. Anhand benthivorer und piscivorer Modellarten konnte ich so die Stärke und die Richtung anglerischer Selektion bestimmen. Zudem habe ich die Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit und den Reproduktionserfolg dieser Fische gemessen, um das evolutionäre Potential anglerischer Fischereisterblichkeit abschätzen zu können. Ich konnte zeigen, dass die Risikofreude im Zusammenhang mit der Nahrungsaufnahme bei benthivoren Fischen dem stärksten Selektionsdruck ausgesetzt ist, während bei piscivoren Arten Aggression die bestimmende Eigenschaft war. Zudem waren Risikofreude und Wachstum positiv korreliert. Die intrinsische Fraßaktivität- und Geschwindigkeit erklärte, warum risikofreudige Fische selbst in Gruppen die höchste Hakwahrscheinlichkeit aufwiesen. Diese besonders leicht fangbaren Individuen wurden zudem mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit von Räubern in Teichen und in einem 25 ha großen Natursee gefressen, sodass anglerisch induzierte und natürliche Selektion bei juvenilen Fischen in die gleiche Richtung wiesen. Bei adulten, nestbewachenden Fischen konnte ich zudem zeigen, dass Eigenschaften, die zu einer erhöhten Fangbarkeit führen, auch den Laicherfolg steigern, sodass anglerische Selektion negative Auswirkungen auf den Reproduktionserfolg haben kann. Folglich kann bei hohem Fischereidruck ein anglerisch-induziertes Schüchternheitssyndrom entstehen, wodurch die Fangraten von der Fischbestandsdichte entkoppelt werden. Meine Ergebnisse deuten auf eine hohe Schutzwürdigkeit individueller Verhaltensdiversität hin.The potential for fishing-induced evolution has been intensively discussed in recent years, but most studies have focused on life-history traits that directly or indirectly determine body size in the context of commercial fisheries. Much less is known about potential evolutionary changes in the context of passive angling fisheries. Using comprehensive phenotypic descriptions covering several behavioral, life-history, morphological, and physiological traits, I disentangled the phenotypic correlates of individual vulnerability to angling gear. Using both, benthivorous and piscivorous model species I identified the strength and direction of selection. I then compared survival and reproductive fitness of vulnerable and invulnerable individuals to predict the evolutionary potential of angling-induced selection. My research showed that boldness in the context of foraging is the most important trait under selection in passive fisheries targeting benthivorous species whereas aggression determines selection in piscivorous species. In addition, growth and boldness were positively correlated. Intrinsically high foraging activity- and speed likely explained why explicitly bold fish were caught more often. These highly vulnerable individuals also faced higher natural mortality at the juvenile stage in ponds and within a 25 ha natural lake. Thus, angling-induced selection and natural selection point into the same direction at the juvenile stage. However, using adult, nest-guarding fish, I also showed that angling-induced selection can severely impact reproductive fitness when behavioral patterns that determine fitness also affect vulnerability to angling gear. As a consequence, an exploitation-induced timidity syndrome can be assumed in highly exploited fish stocks leading to increasing shyness and reduced vulnerability of individual fish. My findings call for a promotion of behavioral diversity within natural fish populations

Data from: Towards a mechanistic understanding of vulnerability to hook-and-line fishing: boldness as the basic target of angling-induced selection

In passively operated fishing gear, boldness-related behaviors should fundamentally affect the vulnerability of individual fish and thus be under fisheries selection. To test this hypothesis, we used juvenile common-garden reared carp (Cyprinus carpio) within a narrow size-range to investigate the mechanistic basis of behavioral selection caused by angling. We focused on one key personality trait (i.e., boldness), measured in groups within ponds, two morphological traits (body-shape and head-shape), and one life-history trait (juvenile growth capacity) and studied mean standardized selection gradients caused by angling. Carp behavior was highly repeatable within ponds. In the short-term, over seven days of fishing, total length, not boldness, was the main predictor of angling vulnerability. However, after 20 days of fishing, boldness turned out to be the main trait under selection, followed by juvenile growth rate, while morphological traits were only weakly related to angling vulnerability. In addition, we found juvenile growth rate to be moderately correlated with boldness. Hence, direct selection on boldness will also induce indirect selection on juvenile growth and vice versa, but given that the two traits are not perfectly correlated, independent evolution of both traits is also possible. Our study is among the first to mechanistically reveal that energy-acquisition related behaviors, and not growth rate per se, are key factors determining the probability of capture, and hence behavioral traits appear to be the prime targets of angling selection. We predict an evolutionary response towards increased shyness in intensively angling-exploited fish stocks, possibly causing the emergence of a timidity-syndrome

Status of aquatic and riparian biodiversity in artificial lake ecosystems with and without management for recreational fisheries: Implications for conservation

1. Humanity is facing a biodiversity crisis, with freshwater-associated biodiversity in a particularly dire state. Novel ecosystems created through human use of mineral resources, such as gravel pit lakes, can provide substitute habitats for the conservation of freshwater and riparian biodiversity. Many of these artificial ecosystems are subject to a high intensity of recreational use, however, which may limit their biodiversity potential. 2. The species richness of several taxa (plants, amphibians, dragonflies, damselflies, waterfowl, and songbirds) was assessed and a range of taxonomic biodiversity metrics were compared between gravel pit lakes managed for recreational fisheries (n = 16) and unmanaged reference lakes (n = 10), controlling for non-fishing-related environmental variation. 3. The average species richness of all the taxa examined was similar among lakes in both lake types and no substantial differences in species composition were found when examining the pooled species inventory. Similarly, there were no differences between lake types in the presence of rare species and in the Simpson diversity index across all of the taxa assessed. 4. Variation in species richness among lakes was correlated with woody habitat, lake morphology (surface area and steepness), and land use, but was not correlated with the presence of recreational fisheries. Thus, non-fishing-related environmental variables had stronger effects on local species presence than recreational fisheries management or the presence of recreational anglers. 5. Collectively, no evidence was found that anglers and recreational fisheries management constrain the development of aquatic and riparian biodiversity in gravel pit lakes in the study region; however, the conservation of species diversity in gravel pit lakes could benefit from an increasing reliance on habitat enhancement activities.Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) with funds granted by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU)the Stiftung Fischerei, Umwelt‐ und Naturschutz Deutschland (FUND Stiftung) the Landesverband Sächsischer Angler e.V.the Landesfischereiverband Bayern e.V.the Angling Association of Lower SaxonyPeer Reviewe