Reconsidering the D.C. Circuit’s Proximate Cause Standard for Extraterrotorial Jurisdiction: Precluding the “Globalization” Theory to Promote Global Enforcement

As businesses expanded with the rise of globalization, so did the effects of anticompetitive activity and, in turn, the reach of the U.S. antitrust laws. Though Congress addressed the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the U.S. antitrust laws with its implementation of the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvement Act (“FTAIA”), the statute only created a three-way circuit split that led the Supreme Court to address the issue and determine that the foreign injury must arise from both foreign anticompetitive activity and the activity’s adverse effects on domestic commerce. The D.C. Circuit further clarified the issue on remand by requiring a proximate cause relationship between the foreign injury and adverse effects on domestic commerce. However, the commentary speculated that the Supreme Court had only generated further confusion

F-TRIDYN: A Monte-Carlo, BCA code for modeling ion-surface interactions with rough materials and coupling plasma and material codes

Fractal-TRIDYN (F-TRIDYN) is a modified version of the widely used Monte Carlo, Binary Collision Approximation code TRIDYN that has been upgraded to include an explicit model of surface roughness and additional output modes for coupling to plasma edge and material codes. Surface roughness plays an important role in ion irradiation processes such as sputtering; roughness can significantly increase the angle of maximum sputtering and strongly affect the sputtering yield. The complete effect of surface roughness on sputtering and other ion irradiation phenomena is not completely understood. Many rough surfaces can be consistently and realistically modeled with fractals, using the fractal dimension and fractal length scale as the sole input parameters to control surface morphology and roughness. F-TRIDYN includes a robust fractal surface algorithm that is more computationally efficient than those in previous fractal codes and which reproduces available experimental sputtering data from rough surfaces. Fractals provide a compelling path toward a complete and concise understanding of the effect that surface geometry plays on the behavior of plasma-facing materials. Fractals also have simple relationships to other models of surface roughness, including RMS roughness. This link has been studied and used to approximate fractal surfaces with normally-distributed statistical surfaces, which may prove more computationally efficient than explicit fractal surfaces. F-TRIDYN is a flexible code for simulating ion-solid interactions and coupling to plasma and material codes for multiscale modeling. Results from F-TRIDYN show that at high angles of incidence, sputtering yields for fusion-relevant materials increase significantly; for the case of Argon on Tungsten this is an increase of a factor of 3.5. This may effect fusion reactor performance by releasing more impurity atoms into the plasma and increasing Bremsstrahlung radiation losses. Additionally, the effect of surface morphology is significant only for ions whose mean free path in the target is on the same order as or less than the characteristic scale of the surface. Higher energy ions will experience fewer collisions at depths where the surface morphology is relevant. Code coupling has been a major focus of F-TRIDYN development, and recent results of code-coupling to a variety of codes, including material and plasma codes, have been achieved. These preliminary results indicate that the existence of Helium impurities in a Tungsten target will increase the retention of further implanted Helium ions

The effect of femoral component rotation on the five-year outcome of cemented mobile bearing total knee arthroplasty

Purpose: Performing total knee replacement, accurate alignment and neutral rotation of the femoral component are widely believed to be crucial for the ultimate success. Contrary to absolute bone referenced alignment, using a ligament balancing technique does not automatically rotate the femoral component parallel to the transepicondylar axis. In this context we established the hypothesis that rotational alignment of the femoral component parallel to the transepicondylar axis (0° ± 3°) results in better outcome than alignment outside of this range. Methods: We analysed 204 primary cemented mobile bearing total knee replacements fiveyears postoperatively. Femoral component rotation was measured on axial radiographs using the condylar twist angle (CTA). Knee society score, range of motion as well as subjective rating documented outcome. Results: In 96 knees the femoral component rotation was within the range 0 ± 3° (neutral rotation group), and in 108 knees the five-year postoperative rotational alignment of the femoral component was outside of this range (outlier group). Postoperative CTA showed a mean of 2.8° (±3.4°) internal rotation (IR) with a range between 6° external rotation (ER) and 15° IR (CI 95). No difference with regard to subjective and objective outcome could be detected. Conclusion: The present work shows that there is a large given natural variability in optimal rotational orientation, in this study between 6° ER and 15° IR, with numerous co-factors determining correct positioning of the femoral component. Further studies substantiating pre- and postoperative determinants are required to complete the understanding of resulting biomechanics in primary TK

DPX-Q9H36 und DPX-QKS91 – Neue Komplettlösungen gegen Ungräser und Unkräuter im Mais

DPX-Q9H36 (120 g/kg Nicosulfuron, 30 g/kg Rimsulfuron, 360 g/kg Mesotrione) stellt mit einer Aufwandmenge von 330 g/ha + 0,1 % (v/v) DuPont™ Trend® eine neue Komplettlösung im Mais gegen Ungräser und breitblättrige Unkräuter dar. Dabei zeichnet sich DPX-Q9H36 durch eine sehr gute Wirksamkeit, ein breites Wirkungsspektrum, ein breites Anwendungsfenster (Mais BBCH 10 – 18) eine geringe Aufwandmenge und eine hohe Kulturverträglichkeit aus. DPX-Q9H36 ist ein homogener Blend aus wasserdispergierbaren Granulaten. Mehrjährige Versuche belegen die Wirksamkeit von DPX-Q9H36 vor allem gegen schwer bekämpfbare Unkräuter wie z.B. Schwarzer Nachtschatten (Solanum nigrum), aber auch gegen mehrjährige Ungräser wie Gemeine Quecke (Agropyron repens) und verschiedene Hirse-Arten wie Hühner- (Echinochloa crus-galli) und Borstenhirse (Setaria viridis). DPX-QKS91 (92 g/kg Nicosulfuron, 23 g/kg Rimsulfuron, 550 g/kg Dicamba), formuliert als homogener Blend aus wasserdispergierbaren Granulaten bekämpft sowohl ein breites Spektrum einjähriger Unkrautarten als auch mehrjährige Unkräuter und Ungräser. Die Anwendung erfolgt im Nachauflauf des Mais (BBCH 12 – 16) mit einer Aufwandmenge von 440 g/ha + 0,1 % (v/v) DuPontTM Trend®. Mehrjährige Versuche belegen die Wirksamkeit von DPX-QKS91 u. a. gegen den Weißen Gänsefuss (Chenopodium album) und Knöterich-Arten (Polygonum spp.), aber auch gegen Ungräser wie Gemeine Quecke (Agropyron repens), Einjährige Rispe (Poa annua) und verschiedene Hirse-Arten. Stichwörter: Agropyron repens, Chenopodium album, Dicamba, Hirse-Arten, Mesotrione, Nicosulfuron, Rimsulfuron, Solanum nigrumDPX-Q9H36 and DPX-QKS91 – New complete solutions against grass weeds and broad leaf weeds in cornDPX-Q9H36 (12 % nicosulfuron, 3 % rimsulfuron, 36 % mesotrione) with an application rate of 330 g/ha + 0.1 % (v/v) DuPont™ Trend® represents a new complete solution in corn against grass weeds and broadleaf weeds. DPX-Q9H36 is characterized by a very good efficacy, a wide spectrum of efficacy, a user-friendly application in a single treatment (corn BBCH 10 - 18) with low-input and high plant tolerance. DPX-Q9H36 as a homogeneous blend of water-dispersible granules. Several years of trials demonstrating the efficacy of DPX-Q9H36 especially against difficult to control weeds such as black nightshade (Solanum nigrum), but also against perennial weeds like quackgrass (Agropyron repens) and several millet species such as barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis).DPX-QKS91 (9.2 % nicosulfuron, 2.3 % rimsulfuron, 55 % dicamba), formulated as a homogeneous blend of water-dispersible granules, controls perennial weeds and grasses as well as annual species. The application is in the post-emergence corn (BBCH 12 - 16) with an application rate of 440 g/ha + 0.1 % (v/v) DuPont™ Trend®. Several years of trials demonstrating the efficacy of DPX-QKS91 i.e. against field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), spotted ladysthumb (Polygonum persicae) and back bindweed (Polygonum convolvulus), but also against grass weeds such as quackgrass (Agropyron repens), annual bluegrass (Poa annua) and several species of millet. Keywords: Agropyron repens, annual millet species, Chenopodium album, dicamba, mesotrione, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, Solanum nigru

DuPontTM OmneraTM LQMTM (DPX-SGE27) – Eine neue Generation flüssig formulierter Getreideherbizide

DuPontTM OmneraTM LQMTM (DPX-SGE27) (5 g/l Metsulfuron-methyl, 30 g/l Thifensulfuron-methyl, 135 g/l Fluroxypyr) stellt mit einer Aufwandmenge von 1 l/ha eine neue Lösung im Getreide gegen breitblättrige Unkräuter inkl. Klettenlabkraut (Galium aparine) dar. Dabei zeichnet sich DuPontTM OmneraTM LQMTM durch eine sehr gute Wirksamkeit, ein breites Wirkungsspektrum, ein breites Anwendungsfenster (BBCH 20 – 39 im Wintergetreide, BBCH 12 – 39 im Sommergetreide) und eine hohe Kulturverträglichkeit aus. DuPontTM OmneraTM LQMTM ist als Dispersion in Öl formuliert. Mehrjährige Versuche belegen die Wirksamkeit von DuPontTM OmneraTM LQMTM z.B. gegen Echte Kamille (Matricaria chamomilla), Ausfallraps (Brassica napus), Vogelmiere (Stellaria media), aber auch gegen Problemunkräuter wie z.B. Windenknöterich (Polygonum convolvulus) und vor allem gegen Klettenlabkraut. DuPontTM OmneraTM LQMTM (DPX-SGE27) – A new generation of liquid formulated cereal herbicidesDuPontTM OmneraTM LQMTM (DPX-SGE27) (5 g/l metsulfuron-methyl, 30 g/l thifensulfuron-methyl, 135 g/l fluroxypyr) represents with an application rate of 1 l/ha a new “herbicide” solution in cereals. DuPontTM OmneraTM LQMTM is characterized by a very good efficacy, a broad weed spectrum, a broad application window (BBCH 20 – 39 in winter cereals; BBCH 12 – 39 in spring cereals) and a very good crop safety. DuPontTM OmneraTM LQMTM is formulated as oil dispersion.Several years of field trials demonstrate the efficacy of DuPontTM OmneraTM LQMTM against mayweed (Matricaria chamomilla), oilseed rape (Brassica napus), common chickweed (Stellaria media), but also against difficult weeds like wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus) and especially against catchweed bedstraw (Galium aparine)

Monitoring tat peptide binding to TAR RNA by solid-state (31)P–(19)F REDOR NMR

Complexes of the HIV transactivation response element (TAR) RNA with the viral regulatory protein tat are of special interest due in particular to the plasticity of the RNA at this binding site and to the potential for therapeutic targeting of the interaction. We performed REDOR solid-state NMR experiments on lyophilized samples of a 29 nt HIV-1 TAR construct to measure conformational changes in the tat-binding site concomitant with binding of a short peptide comprising the residues of the tat basic binding domain. Peptide binding was observed to produce a nearly 4 Å decrease in the separation between phosphorothioate and 2′F labels incorporated at A27 in the upper helix and U23 in the bulge, respectively, consistent with distance changes observed in previous solution NMR studies, and with models showing significant rearrangement in position of bulge residue U23 in the bound-form RNA. In addition to providing long-range constraints on free TAR and the TAR–tat complex, these results suggest that in RNAs known to undergo large deformations upon ligand binding, (31)P–(19)F REDOR measurements can also serve as an assay for complex formation in solid-state samples. To our knowledge, these experiments provide the first example of a solid-state NMR distance measurement in an RNA–peptide complex