79 research outputs found
Interpreting motion and force for narrow-band intermodulation atomic force microscopy
Intermodulation atomic force microscopy (ImAFM) is a mode of dynamic atomic
force microscopy that probes the nonlinear tip-surface force by measurement of
the mixing of multiple tones in a frequency comb. A high cantilever
resonance and a suitable drive comb will result in tip motion described by a
narrow-band frequency comb. We show by a separation of time scales, that such
motion is equivalent to rapid oscillations at the cantilever resonance with a
slow amplitude and phase or frequency modulation. With this time domain
perspective we analyze single oscillation cycles in ImAFM to extract the
Fourier components of the tip-surface force that are in-phase with tip motion
() and quadrature to the motion (). Traditionally, these force
components have been considered as a function of the static probe height only.
Here we show that and actually depend on both static probe height
and oscillation amplitude. We demonstrate on simulated data how to reconstruct
the amplitude dependence of and from a single ImAFM measurement.
Furthermore, we introduce ImAFM approach measurements with which we reconstruct
the full amplitude and probe height dependence of the force components
and , providing deeper insight into the tip-surface interaction. We
demonstrate the capabilities of ImAFM approach measurements on a polystyrene
polymer surface.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figure
Economic Evaluation of Supported-Employment Inspired Program for Pupils With Intellectual Disabilities
In this study, we investigate whether, or to what degree, a ‘business case’ could be made for implementation of a Supported-Employment (SE) inspired program for pupils with intellectual disabilities (IDs), starting during the final school years. For this aim, we do a quasi-experimental before-after intervention impact evaluation of such a project funded by the European Social Fund in the Swedish city of Örebro (135,000 inhabitants) during 2010–2013. From an estimate of the average treatment effect, we calculate the internal net present value and the payback period that would make this program break even from avoided expenditure for day-activity services, assuming that it had been funded entirely by the municipality
Ergonomiskt anpassade kontorsmiljöer
Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att undersöka hur personer med olika fysiska besvär upplever effekten av den ergonomiska anpassningen av sin kontorsmiljö, samt om och hur det har påverkat arbetet men också aktiviteter utanför arbetet. Studien är en uppföljning av interventioner som tidigare genomförts av en arbetsterapeut. Åtta undersökningspersoner med arbete vid datorer har medverkat. Samtliga personer hade av olika anledningar fått anpassningar i sin kontorsmiljö. För att ta reda på personernas upplevelser av anpassningarna har intervjuer med halvstrukturerade frågor använts som metod för datainsamling. Resultatet visade att anpassningarna hade en positiv påverkan både på arbetet och övriga vardagen. Tack vare att miljön anpassades efter individens kapacitet upplevde flera av undersökningspersonerna att arbetet inte längre var belastande och blev enklare att utföra
Characterization and benchmarking of a phase-sensitive two-qubit gate using direct digital synthesis
We implement an iSWAP gate with two transmon qubits using a flux-tunable
coupler. Precise control of the relative phase of the qubit-control pulses and
the parametric-coupler drive is achieved with a multi-channel instrument called
Presto using direct digital synthesis (DDS), a promising technique for scaling
up quantum systems. We describe the process of tuning and benchmarking the
iSWAP gate, where the relative phase of the pulses is controlled via software.
We perform the iSWAP gate in 290 ns, validate it with quantum-state tomography,
and measure 2\% error with interleaved randomized benchmarking
The Role of Nonlinear Dynamics in Quantitative Atomic Force Microscopy
Various methods of force measurement with the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
are compared for their ability to accurately determine the tip-surface force
from analysis of the nonlinear cantilever motion. It is explained how
intermodulation, or the frequency mixing of multiple drive tones by the
nonlinear tip-surface force, can be used to concentrate the nonlinear motion in
a narrow band of frequency near the cantilevers fundamental resonance, where
accuracy and sensitivity of force measurement are greatest. Two different
methods for reconstructing tip-surface forces from intermodulation spectra are
explained. The reconstruction of both conservative and dissipative tip-surface
interactions from intermodulation spectra are demonstrated on simulated data.Comment: 25 pages (preprint, double space) 7 figure
Phase imaging with intermodulation atomic force microscopy
Intermodulation atomic force microscopy (IMAFM) is a dynamic mode of atomic
force microscopy (AFM) with two-tone excitation. The oscillating AFM cantilever
in close proximity to a surface experiences the nonlinear tip-sample force
which mixes the drive tones and generates new frequency components in the
cantilever response known as intermodulation products (IMPs). We present a
procedure for extracting the phase at each IMP and demonstrate phase images
made by recording this phase while scanning. Amplitude and phase images at
intermodulation frequencies exhibit enhanced topographic and material contrast.Comment: 6 pages, 6 page
Josephson junction transmission lines as tunable artificial crystals
We investigate one-dimensional Josephson junction arrays with generalized
unit cells as a circuit approach to engineer microwave band gaps. An array
described by a lattice with a basis can be designed to have a gap in the
electromagnetic spectrum, in full analogy to electronic band gaps in diatomic
or many-atomic crystals. We derive the dependence of this gap on the array
parameters in the linear regime, and suggest experimentally feasible designs to
bring the gap below the single junction plasma frequency. The gap can be tuned
in a wide frequency range by applying external flux, and it persists in the
presence of small imperfections.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figure
Squeezing and multimode entanglement of surface acoustic wave phonons
Exploiting multiple modes in a quantum acoustic device could enable
applications in quantum information in a hardware-efficient setup, including
quantum simulation in a synthetic dimension and continuous-variable quantum
computing with cluster states.We develop a multimode surface acoustic wave
(SAW) resonator with a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)
integrated in one of the Bragg reflectors. The interaction with the
SQUID-shunted mirror gives rise to coupling between the more than 20 accessible
resonator modes. We exploit this coupling to demonstrate two-mode squeezing of
SAW phonons, as well as four-mode multipartite entanglement. Our results open
avenues for continuous-variable quantum computing in a compact hybrid quantum
system
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