Exploring the selectivity and engineering potential of an NRPS condensation domain involved in the biosynthesis of the thermophilic siderophore fuscachelin

In nonribosomal peptide synthesis, condensation (C) domains are key catalytic domains that most commonly link carrier protein bound substrates to form peptides or depsipeptides. While adenylation domains have been well characterized due to their role in the selection of monomers and hence as gate keepers in nonribosomal peptide biosynthesis, C-domains have been the subject of debate as they do not have apparent “A-domain like” side chain selectivity for their acceptor substrates. To probe the selectivity and specificity of C-domains, here we report our biochemical and structural characterization of the C3-domain from the biosynthesis of the siderophore fusachelin. Our results show that this C-domain is not broadly flexible for monomers bearing significantly alternated side chains or backbones, which suggests there can be a need to consider C-domain specificity for acceptor substrates when undertaking NRPS engineering

MreB filaments align along greatest principal membrane curvature to orient cell wall synthesis

MreB is essential for rod shape in many bacteria. Membrane-associated MreB filaments move around the rod circumference, helping to insert cell wall in the radial direction to reinforce rod shape. To understand how oriented MreB motion arises, we altered the shape of Bacillus subtilis. MreB motion is isotropic in round cells, and orientation is restored when rod shape is externally imposed. Stationary filaments orient within protoplasts, and purified MreB tubulates liposomes in vitro, orienting within tubes. Together, this demonstrates MreB orients along the greatest principal membrane curvature, a conclusion supported with biophysical modeling. We observed that spherical cells regenerate into rods in a local, self-reinforcing manner: rapidly propagating rods emerge from small bulges, exhibiting oriented MreB motion. We propose that the coupling of MreB filament alignment to shape-reinforcing peptidoglycan synthesis creates a locally-acting, self-organizing mechanism allowing the rapid establishment and stable maintenance of emergent rod shape

Exploring the selectivity and engineering potential of an NRPS condensation domain involved in the biosynthesis of the thermophilic siderophore fuscachelin

In nonribosomal peptide synthesis, condensation (C) domains are key catalytic domains that most commonly link carrier protein bound substrates to form peptides or depsipeptides. While adenylation domains have been well characterized due to their role in the selection of monomers and hence as gate keepers in nonribosomal peptide biosynthesis, C-domains have been the subject of debate as they do not have apparent “A-domain like” side chain selectivity for their acceptor substrates. To probe the selectivity and specificity of C-domains, here we report our biochemical and structural characterization of the C3-domain from the biosynthesis of the siderophore fusachelin. Our results show that this C-domain is not broadly flexible for monomers bearing significantly alternated side chains or backbones, which suggests there can be a need to consider C-domain specificity for acceptor substrates when undertaking NRPS engineering

Etudes structurale et fonctionnelle de protéines impliquées dans la virulence chez S. pneumoniae et P. aeruginosa

This manuscript is made up of two parts The first part describes the structural study of RrgA from Streptococcus pneumoniae. This protein is a pilus-associated adhesin that is able to bind to several components of the Extra Cellular Matrix and thus, participates in the first steps of host colonization. We solved the structure of RrgA to 1.9 Å by X-Ray crystallography. We showed that RrgA folds into an elongated 4-domain structure, and these domains display both eukaryotic and prokaryotic origins. Actually, three out of the four domains are reminiscent of IgG and Cna-B structures and act like stalks to orient and display the large Integrin-like domain. We confirmed the presence of two isopeptide bonds by mass spectrometry and hypothesised that the two inserted arms in the integrin domain could explain the wide variety of substrates RrgA can bind. The second part of this manuscript focuses on the structural studies of the ATPase complex as well as ExsB, the putative pilotin of the type III secretion system from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This bacterium is a major threat in hospital-acquired infections and the main pathogen found in cystic-fibrosis suffering patients. For the first time we were able to express and purify the ATPase PscN in complex with its partner PscL. Crystallization trials led to a very promising condition that is being refined. Moreover, we confirmed expression of the lipoprotein ExsB in P. aeruginosa that we localised in the outer membrane. To have a better understanding of this protein, we also solved its high-resolution structure that displays a novel fold and our study paves the way for coming studies concerning pilotins.Cette thèse est composée de deux parties : Le première partie rend compte de l'étude structurale de la protéine RrgA. RrgA est associée au pilus du pathogène Streptococcus pneumoniae et participe aux premières étapes de colonisation chez l'hôte en se liant à plusieurs composés de la Matrice Extra Cellulaire. Nous avons résolu la structure de cette protéine à 1.9 Å par cristallographie aux rayons-X. RrgA possède une structure allongée formée de quatre domaines alignés d'origine eucaryote et procaryote. En effet, trois domaines ayant des similarités structurales avec les IgG et le domaine Cna-B semblent servir de piédestal pour orienter et présenter le domaine fonctionnel de type Intégrine. Nous avons confirmé la formation de deux ponts isopeptidiques stabilisateurs par spectrométrie de masse. De plus, le domaine intégrine possède deux insertions particulières dont la présence pourrait être impliquée dans la reconnaissance des divers substrats par RrgA. La deuxième partie de cette thèse est axée sur l'étude structurale du complexe ATPase et de ExsB, la pilotine présumée du système de sécrétion de type III chez Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bactérie opportuniste et jouant un rôle majeur dans l'infection des patients atteints de mucoviscidose. Pour la première fois, nous avons mis au point un protocole d'expression et de purification sous forme soluble de l'ATPase PscN en complexe avec une protéine partenaire, PscL. Des cristaux de ce complexe ont été obtenus au robot du PSB. Par ailleurs, nous avons confirmé l'expression de la lipoprotéine ExsB chez P. aeruginosa que nous avons localisée au sein de la membrane externe. De plus, nous avons résolu la structure de cette protéine qui présente un nouveau repliement et qui établie les bases structurales pour l'étude des pilotines pour tous les systèmes de sécrétion de type III de la famille Ysc

Etudes structurale et fonctionnelle de protéines impliquées dans la virulence chez S. pneumoniae et P. aeruginosa

This manuscript is made up of two parts The first part describes the structural study of RrgA from Streptococcus pneumoniae. This protein is a pilus-associated adhesin that is able to bind to several components of the Extra Cellular Matrix and thus, participates in the first steps of host colonization. We solved the structure of RrgA to 1.9 Å by X-Ray crystallography. We showed that RrgA folds into an elongated 4-domain structure, and these domains display both eukaryotic and prokaryotic origins. Actually, three out of the four domains are reminiscent of IgG and Cna-B structures and act like stalks to orient and display the large Integrin-like domain. We confirmed the presence of two isopeptide bonds by mass spectrometry and hypothesised that the two inserted arms in the integrin domain could explain the wide variety of substrates RrgA can bind. The second part of this manuscript focuses on the structural studies of the ATPase complex as well as ExsB, the putative pilotin of the type III secretion system from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This bacterium is a major threat in hospital-acquired infections and the main pathogen found in cystic-fibrosis suffering patients. For the first time we were able to express and purify the ATPase PscN in complex with its partner PscL. Crystallization trials led to a very promising condition that is being refined. Moreover, we confirmed expression of the lipoprotein ExsB in P. aeruginosa that we localised in the outer membrane. To have a better understanding of this protein, we also solved its high-resolution structure that displays a novel fold and our study paves the way for coming studies concerning pilotins.Cette thèse est composée de deux parties : Le première partie rend compte de l'étude structurale de la protéine RrgA. RrgA est associée au pilus du pathogène Streptococcus pneumoniae et participe aux premières étapes de colonisation chez l'hôte en se liant à plusieurs composés de la Matrice Extra Cellulaire. Nous avons résolu la structure de cette protéine à 1.9 Å par cristallographie aux rayons-X. RrgA possède une structure allongée formée de quatre domaines alignés d'origine eucaryote et procaryote. En effet, trois domaines ayant des similarités structurales avec les IgG et le domaine Cna-B semblent servir de piédestal pour orienter et présenter le domaine fonctionnel de type Intégrine. Nous avons confirmé la formation de deux ponts isopeptidiques stabilisateurs par spectrométrie de masse. De plus, le domaine intégrine possède deux insertions particulières dont la présence pourrait être impliquée dans la reconnaissance des divers substrats par RrgA. La deuxième partie de cette thèse est axée sur l'étude structurale du complexe ATPase et de ExsB, la pilotine présumée du système de sécrétion de type III chez Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bactérie opportuniste et jouant un rôle majeur dans l'infection des patients atteints de mucoviscidose. Pour la première fois, nous avons mis au point un protocole d'expression et de purification sous forme soluble de l'ATPase PscN en complexe avec une protéine partenaire, PscL. Des cristaux de ce complexe ont été obtenus au robot du PSB. Par ailleurs, nous avons confirmé l'expression de la lipoprotéine ExsB chez P. aeruginosa que nous avons localisée au sein de la membrane externe. De plus, nous avons résolu la structure de cette protéine qui présente un nouveau repliement et qui établie les bases structurales pour l'étude des pilotines pour tous les systèmes de sécrétion de type III de la famille Ysc

Fonctional and structural analysis of proteins implicated in the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa and S. pneumoniae

Cette thèse est composée de deux parties : Le première partie rend compte de l'étude structurale de la protéine RrgA. RrgA est associée au pilus du pathogène Streptococcus pneumoniae et participe aux premières étapes de colonisation chez l'hôte en se liant à plusieurs composés de la Matrice Extra Cellulaire. Nous avons résolu la structure de cette protéine à 1.9 Å par cristallographie aux rayons-X. RrgA possède une structure allongée formée de quatre domaines alignés d'origine eucaryote et procaryote. En effet, trois domaines ayant des similarités structurales avec les IgG et le domaine Cna-B semblent servir de piédestal pour orienter et présenter le domaine fonctionnel de type Intégrine. Nous avons confirmé la formation de deux ponts isopeptidiques stabilisateurs par spectrométrie de masse. De plus, le domaine intégrine possède deux insertions particulières dont la présence pourrait être impliquée dans la reconnaissance des divers substrats par RrgA. La deuxième partie de cette thèse est axée sur l'étude structurale du complexe ATPase et de ExsB, la pilotine présumée du système de sécrétion de type III chez Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bactérie opportuniste et jouant un rôle majeur dans l'infection des patients atteints de mucoviscidose. Pour la première fois, nous avons mis au point un protocole d'expression et de purification sous forme soluble de l'ATPase PscN en complexe avec une protéine partenaire, PscL. Des cristaux de ce complexe ont été obtenus au robot du PSB. Par ailleurs, nous avons confirmé l'expression de la lipoprotéine ExsB chez P. aeruginosa que nous avons localisée au sein de la membrane externe. De plus, nous avons résolu la structure de cette protéine qui présente un nouveau repliement et qui établie les bases structurales pour l'étude des pilotines pour tous les systèmes de sécrétion de type III de la famille Ysc.This manuscript is made up of two parts The first part describes the structural study of RrgA from Streptococcus pneumoniae. This protein is a pilus-associated adhesin that is able to bind to several components of the Extra Cellular Matrix and thus, participates in the first steps of host colonization. We solved the structure of RrgA to 1.9 Å by X-Ray crystallography. We showed that RrgA folds into an elongated 4-domain structure, and these domains display both eukaryotic and prokaryotic origins. Actually, three out of the four domains are reminiscent of IgG and Cna-B structures and act like stalks to orient and display the large Integrin-like domain. We confirmed the presence of two isopeptide bonds by mass spectrometry and hypothesised that the two inserted arms in the integrin domain could explain the wide variety of substrates RrgA can bind. The second part of this manuscript focuses on the structural studies of the ATPase complex as well as ExsB, the putative pilotin of the type III secretion system from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This bacterium is a major threat in hospital-acquired infections and the main pathogen found in cystic-fibrosis suffering patients. For the first time we were able to express and purify the ATPase PscN in complex with its partner PscL. Crystallization trials led to a very promising condition that is being refined. Moreover, we confirmed expression of the lipoprotein ExsB in P. aeruginosa that we localised in the outer membrane. To have a better understanding of this protein, we also solved its high-resolution structure that displays a novel fold and our study paves the way for coming studies concerning pilotins

Structural characterization and membrane localization of ExsB from the type III secretion system (T3SS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

International audiencePseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen that employs a finely tuned type III secretion system (T3SS) to inject toxins directly into the cytoplasm of target cells. ExsB is a 15.6-kDa protein encoded in a T3SS transcription regulation operon that displays high sequence similarity to YscW, a lipoprotein from Yersinia spp. whose genetic neighborhood also involves a transcriptional regulator, and has been shown to play a role in the stabilization of the outer membrane ring of the T3SS. Here, we show that ExsB is expressed in P. aeruginosa upon induction of the T3SS, and subcellular fractionation studies reveal that it is associated with the outer membrane. The high-resolution crystal structure of ExsB shows that it displays a compact β-sandwich fold with interdependent β-sheets. ExsB possesses a large patch of basic residues that could play a role in membrane recognition, and its structure is distinct from that of MxiM, a lipoprotein involved in secretin stabilization in Shigella, as well as from those of Pil lipoproteins involved in pilus biogenesis. These results reveal that small lipoproteins involved in formation of the outer membrane secretin ring display clear structural differences that may be related to the different functions they play in these systems

Drosophila melanogaster nonribosomal peptide synthetase Ebony encodes an atypical condensation domain

The protein Ebony from Drosophila melanogaster plays a central role in the regulation of histamine and dopamine in various tissues through condensation of these amines with β-alanine. Ebony is a rare example of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) from a higher eukaryote and contains a C-terminal sequence that does not correspond to any previously characterized NRPS domain. We have structurally characterized this C-terminal domain and have discovered that it adopts the aryl-alkylamine-N-acetyl transferase (AANAT) fold, which is unprecedented in NRPS biology. Through analysis of ligand-bound structures, activity assays, and binding measurements, we have determined how this atypical condensation domain is able to provide selectivity for both the carrier protein-bound amino acid and the amine substrates, a situation that remains unclear for standard condensation domains identified to date from NRPS assembly lines. These results demonstrate that the C terminus of Ebony encodes a eukaryotic example of an alternative type of NRPS condensation domain; they also illustrate how the catalytic components of such assembly lines are significantly more diverse than a minimal set of conserved functional domains