An update on the synthesis and reactivity of spiro-fused β-lactams

Beta-Lactam ring-containing compounds play a pivotal role in drug design and synthetic chemistry. Spirocyclic beta-lactams, representing an important beta-lactam subclass, have recently attracted considerable interest with respect to new synthetic methodologies and pharmacological applications. The aim of this manuscript is to review the recent progress made in this field, covering publications disseminated between 2011 to 2018 concerning the synthesis and application of spirocyclic beta-lactams. In the first part, new approaches to the synthesis of spirocyclic beta-lactams, including Staudinger synthesis, cyclization and transformation reactions, will be presented. The reactivity and biological properties of spiro-beta-lactams will be described in the second and third part, respectively

Synthesis of 4-(trifluoromethyl)azetidin-2-one building blocks and their transformation into novel CF3-substituted amines and heterocyclic systems

In light of the versatile synthetic potential of β-lactams on the one hand and the beneficial impact of fluorine on biological properties on the other hand, β-lactams bearing a trifluoromethyl group comprise interesting entities for the construction of novel targets with promising bioactivities. In this PhD thesis, the preparation and deployment of 4-trifluoromethyl-β-lactams as new building blocks toward a diverse set of functionalized CF3-amines and CF3-azaheterocycles was investigated. In particular, 3-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethyl-β-lactams were conveniently synthesized as a first new class of building blocks. The aptitude of these systems with respect to ring-opening reactions was explored to enable an entry to functionalized aminopropane systems by either direct reductive β-lactam ring opening or initial carbonyl removal to azetidine intermediates, followed by ring opening. In addition, hydrogenolysis of the benzylether fragment in 3-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethyl-β-lactams resulted in the formation of 3-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl-β-lactams as a second class of new building blocks. The latter alcohols enabled the construction of CF3-containing ring-rearranged products, including aziridines through a ring-contraction protocol via 3-chloro-β-lactam intermediates and dioxan-2-ones via initial O-allylation. Furthermore, alcohol oxidation gave rise to 3-oxo-4-trifluoromethyl-β-lactams as a third class of new building blocks. Attempts to form and trap the corresponding 2,3-dioxoazetidin-4-yl anions unexpectedly resulted in ring opening through C3-C4 bond fission, culminating in 2-[(2,2-difluorovinyl)amino]-2-oxoacetate products. This peculiar mechanism was investigated in depth, both experimentally and computationally. Finally, an addition/elimination sequence applied to 3-oxo-4-trifluoromethyl-β-lactams afforded 3-methylene-4-trifluoromethyl-β-lactams as a fourth class of new building blocks, which were shown to be eligible substrates for Michael additions, electrophilic additions and cycloadditions en route to a variety of stereodefined mono- and spirocyclic 4-CF3-β-lactams

Synthesis and reactivity of 4-(trifluoromethyl)azetidin-2-ones

Because of the beneficial effect of a trifluoromethyl group on the biological properties of bioactive compounds on the one hand and the versatile synthetic potential of beta-lactams on the other hand, 4-CF3-beta-lactams comprises interesting entities for the preparation of a large variety of CF3-substituted nitrogen-containing target structures with promising biological characteristics. In this review, we present an overview of different building block approach-based routes toward the synthesis of 4-(trifluoromethyl)azetidin-2-ones and the application of the "beta-lactam synthon method" for the synthesis of a diverse set of (a)cyclic CF3-substituted molecules by means of ring-opening and ring-transformation reactions

Policy Implications for Green Banking Development in Vietnam

Purpose:  The article studies the factors affecting the development of green banking in Vietnam. Based on the research results, the authors proposed policy implications that contribute to the development of green banking in Vietnam.   Theoretical framework: The article studies the factors affecting the development of green banking in Vietnam. Based on the research results, the authors proposed policy implications that contribute to the development of green banking in Vietnam.   Design/methodology/approach: To survey the level of understanding of bank managers on issues related to green banking, green banking development, and the level of knowledge of officers and employees about green banking development areas, The authors used qualitative and quantitative methods. Quantitative research was carried out from January to February 2023. The authors used structural equation model analysis to test the fit of models with SPSS 20.0 and Amos.   Findings: Quantitative and qualitative indicators have been introduced to measure the development of green banking and the economy. The factor of banking technology has the most substantial impact on the development of green banking and the economy. This is a new research paper finding in the context of the banking industry's digital transformation.   Research, Practical & Social implications: The study also shows that green banking development depends on financial capacity, supporting policies, legal framework, and state regulations. In addition, the study has included the factors of green banking development affecting the green economy from different approaches and analytical methods to evaluate.   Originality/value: Developing green banks not only brings profits but also helps banks increase their prestige, reputation, and value. In addition, the development of green banking associated with the green economy is not only a form but will become the core value of the bank, recognized and appreciated in the trend of integration and sustainable development

Green Banking Development: A Case Study of Vietnam

Purpose: The objectives determine factors affecting green banking development in Vietnam. The authors proposed policy implications that contributed to the green banking development in Vietnam.   Theoretical framework: For long-term sustainable economic development, many countries worldwide have chosen to develop a green economy, including the theory of green banking.   Design/methodology/approach:  The research method of the paper is a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods. Qualitative research was conducted with a group discussion technique, checked the scales used, and consulted with banking managers on the research issue, thereby building the scales included in the research model and setting up and completing the questionnaire. Quantitative research was carried out from January to February 2023. Processing data by statistical methods, analyzing EFA and CFA, using linear structural model analysis (SEM) to test the fit of models and hypotheses with SPSS 20.0 software and Amos.   Findings: The article showed that banking technology substantially impacts green banking development among eight factors.   Research, Practical & Social implications: The study has inherited and supplemented the scale in the model and a new set of scales used to evaluate the development of green banks, systematized, increased, and developed more basic theoretical issues about banking green.   Originality/value: The paper's originality and value help researchers, managers, and policymakers for Vietnamese commercial banks, in particular, and the banking industry, in general, to apply to contribute to the development of green banking and the green economy in the future

Investigation of the estrogenic activity of Pueraria candollei variety mirifica extract on rats

Background: Pueraria candollei variety mirifica (PM) has been widely used as ingredient in many rejuvenating products. In this study, we aimed to assess the estrogenic activity of PM extract grown in Vietnam.Methods: Estrogenic activity of PM extract was estimated on immature female rats by using uterotrophic method to measure the weight of the reproductive organs. Estrogenic activity of PM extract also was investigated in mature female ovariectomized rats by evaluating the vaginal cells growth, reproductive organs weight, serum estradiol concentration.Results: Our results showed that PM extract at doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg had increased the reproductive organs weight in immature rats and female ovariectomized rats. In addition, PM extract had increased the serum estradiol concentration and the vaginal cells growth by increasing the percentage of keratinocytes in female ovariectomized rats.Conclusions: Our results showed that PM extract has strong estrogenic activity in rats

Employment Situation and Influential Factors on Employment Status of Graduates from the Field of Social Sciences and Humanities in Vietnam

In Vietnam, graduate