Values and management strategies for nonvegetated tidal wetlands

Part I. Values and Management Strategies for Nonvegetated Tidal Wetlands: A Summary Part II. The Resource Ecology of Nonvegetated Wetlands: A Revie

On the reproduction of the musical economy after the internet

This article examines a crisis of reproduction that began to afflict the music industry in the late 20th century. It considers the causes of the crisis and explores some of the ways in which the industry is being reformed in the face of the emergence of a new regime of socio-technical organization. The musical economy, at the time of writing, was dominated by four large corporations – AOL-Time Warner, Sony/BMG, Universal and EMI – that were responsible for 80 percent of global music sales and had significant interests across the media, entertainment and technology sectors. In the early 21st century, the music divisions of all these companies experienced a reversal of fortune, linked to falling sales and numerous misplaced investments. This marked a significant break with what, in retrospect, may subsequently be interpreted as a ‘golden era ’ in the history of the music industry, during which it enjoyed about 15 years of steady growth in recorded music sales following the introduction of the compact disc (CDs) as the predominant format for the playback of recorded music (Figure 1). In 2001, global music industry sales fell by 5 percent, and then by over

The Influence of Mammographic Technologists on Radiologists' Ability to Interpret Screening Mammograms in Community Practice

PURPOSE: To determine whether the mammographic technologist has an effect on the radiologists’ interpretative performance of screening mammography in community practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this institutional review board approved retrospective cohort study, we included Carolina Mammography Registry (CMR) data from 372 radiologists and 356 mammographic technologists from 1994 to 2009 who performed 1,003,276 screening mammograms. Measures of interpretative performance (recall rate, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV(1)), and cancer detection rate (CDR)) were ascertained prospectively with cancer outcomes collected from the state cancer registry and pathology reports. To determine if the mammographic technologist influenced the radiologists’ performance, we employed mixed effects logistic regression models, including a radiologist-specific random effect and taking into account the clustering of examinations across women, separately for screen-film mammography (SFM) and full field digital mammography (FFDM). RESULTS: Of the 356 mammographic technologists included, 343 performed 889,347 SFM examinations and 51 performed 113,929 FFDM examinations, and 38 performed both SFM and FFDM. A total of 4,328 cancers were reported for SFM and 564 cancers for FFDM. The technologists had a statistically significant effect on the radiologists’ recall rate, sensitivity, specificity and CDR for both SFM and FFDM (p-values<0.01). For PPV(1), variability by technologist was observed for SFM (p-value<0.0001) but not for FFDM (p-value=0.088). CONCLUSION: The interpretative performance of radiologists in screening mammography varies substantially by the technologist performing the examination. Additional studies should aim to identify technologist characteristics that may explain this variation