Exhaust cloud rise and diffusion in the atmosphere

Analytical approach develops physical-mathematical model of rocket engine exhaust cloud rise, growth, and diffusion. Analytic derivations and resultant model apply to hot exhaust cloud study or industrial stack plumes, making work results applicable to air pollution. Model formulations apply to all exhaust cloud types and various atmospheric conditions

Rise and growth of space vehicle engine exhaust and associated diffusion models

Space vehicle plume rise and associated diffusion models at Cape Kennedy Launch Comple

OFFSET SKATING CHARACTERISTICS OF WORLD CUP LEVEL CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS

The cross-country ski skating techniques have been evolving steadily over the past several years. Previous kinematic and temporal studies conducted by Smith, McNitt-Gray, & Nelson (1988); Smith & Nelson (1988); Smith, Nelson, Feldrnan, & Rankinen (1989); and McPherson (1991) have documented this evolution. A kinematic and temporal study was conducted during the 1994 Men's World Cup Cross-Country Ski Relay competition in Thunder Bay. The study was used to develop a current kinematic and temporal profile of the World Cup level competitors based on a multiple correlation and regression analysis of selected variables. The Peak 2D Motion Analysis System was used to digitize video footage of 24 competitors offset skating on a 9 degree slope. A significant positive relationship was found between the dependent variable cycle velocity and cycle length (ec.01,2-tailed). Further significant positive relationships (ec.05, 2-tailed) were found between the dependent variable race velocity and cycle velocity, and percentage of cycle time skating on the downhill leg. In addition there were other significant correlations found among the selected variables. Cycle length increased as the uphill pole angle at pole plant decreased (ec.05, 2-tailed), and the cycle velocity increased (ec.01, 2-tailed). Cycle time decreased as the percentage of the cycle time skating on the uphill leg and the cycle velocity increased (

Improved cloud-phase determination of low-level liquid and mixed-phase clouds by enhanced polarimetric lidar

The unambiguous retrieval of cloud phase from polarimetric lidar observations is dependent on the assumption that only cloud scattering processes affect polarization measurements. A systematic bias of the traditional lidar depolarization ratio can occur due to a lidar system's inability to accurately measure the entire backscattered signal dynamic range, and these biases are not always identifiable in traditional polarimetric lidar systems. This results in a misidentification of liquid water in clouds as ice, which has broad implications on evaluating surface energy budgets. The Clouds Aerosol Polarization and Backscatter Lidar at Summit, Greenland employs multiple planes of linear polarization, and photon counting and analog detection schemes, to self evaluate, correct, and optimize signal combinations to improve cloud classification. Using novel measurements of diattenuation that are sensitive to both horizontally oriented ice crystals and counting system nonlinear effects, unambiguous measurements are possible by over constraining polarization measurements. This overdetermined capability for cloud-phase determination allows for system errors to be identified and quantified in terms of their impact on cloud properties. It is shown that lidar system dynamic range effects can cause errors in cloud-phase fractional occurrence estimates on the order of 30 % causing errors in attribution of cloud radiative effects on the order of 10–30 %. This paper presents a method to identify and remove lidar system effects from atmospheric polarization measurements and uses co-located sensors at Summit to evaluate this method. Enhanced measurements are achieved in this work with non-orthogonal polarization retrievals as well as analog and photon counting detection facilitating a more complete attribution of radiative effects linked to cloud properties

Trypsin Inhibitor. V. Nutritive Value of Treated Soybean Oil Meal and Some Characteristics of the Trypsin Inhibitor in Soybeans

The marked improvement in the apparent nutritive value of soybean protein after heating has long been recognized. The fundamental cause of this improvement has never been fully understood. Furthermore, commercial soybean oil meal varies considerably in nutritive value although heat treatment is common in most processing plants. Since heating is generally regarded as deleterious to the nutritive quality of protein, the following investigations of various treatments of soybean oil meal are of particular importance in developing a soybean or soybean oil meal of maximum and uniform nutritive value