EcosysteHL… baSed Approaches lbr Developing Resilience to Landslide Risk in Japan and Nepal

石川県立大学博士（生物資源環境学）20232022doctoral thesi

Khyopeh, a traditional fermented yak meat product of Sikkim

187-191The preparation of naturally fermented meat product is an integral part of socio-cultural practice of different ethnic groups of people dwelling in the Himalayan regions of India, Nepal, Bhutan and Tibet in China. This study is aimed at documenting the traditional preparation of khyopeh, a naturally fermented meat product of yak prepared by ethnic people of Sikkim and its food safety. This is the first report on khyopeh with emphasis on its traditional method of preparation and food safety

A comparative study of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in dyslipidemia

Background: To compare the drugs: Atorvastatin (10mg) and Rosuvastatin (5mg) in patients with Dyslipidemia.Methods: This open-label, randomized, parallel group, comparative, prospective study of six months duration included 100 patients. The age group of patients varied from 30 to 69 years with dyslipidemia. Patients were divided in to 2 groups. 50 patients in group-1 received Atorvastatin 10mg once daily and 50 patients in group-2 received Rosuvastatin 5 mg once daily. The level of TC, TG, LDL, VLDL and HDL were assessed at baseline and at the end of 3 months and 6 months.Results: At 3 months, LDL was reduced significantly more with 5mg Rosuvastatin than with Atorvastatin 10 mg [43.68% vs. 40.74% (P 0.0049)]. At 6 months, Rosuvastatin 5mg reduced LDL significantly more than Atorvastatin 10 mg [48.69% vs. 43.85% (P 0.00)]. TC, HDL, TG and VLDL were more favourably modified by Rosuvastatin at 6 months (P <0.005). Reduction of total cholesterol levels in Rosuvastatin group was not statistically significant when compared with Atorvastatin group (P 0.103).Conclusions: Rosuvastatin 5mg was more efficacious than Atorvastatin 10mg for the improvement of lipid profile during the period of 6 months follow-up drug therapy in patients with dyslipidemia

Khyopeh, a traditional fermented yak meat product of Sikkim

The preparation of naturally fermented meat product is an integral part of socio-cultural practice of different ethnic groups of people dwelling in the Himalayan regions of India, Nepal, Bhutan and Tibet in China. This study is aimed at documenting the traditional preparation of khyopeh, a naturally fermented meat product of yak prepared by ethnic people of Sikkim and its food safety. This is the first report on khyopeh with emphasis on its traditional method of preparation and food safety

Bird flu in Nepal

Avian flu also known as bird flu is caused by deadly virus H5N1 which initially was found in birds and wild animals, however, later it was found in human beings causing severe respiratory related problems. This review article was performed to understand the epidemiology of outbreaks of H5N1 in different districts of Nepal. First outbreak of strain H5N1 was reported in 2009. Consequently, highest number of outbreaks i.e. 201 was noted in the year 2013. Till date only one human case was identified by NPHL which was later confirmed by genetic laboratory in Japan in collaborating with WHO

Phytochemical Analysis and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Young and Mature Leaves of Cinnamomum tamala

The bioactive chemical components of the plant's origin have been used as primary remedies for a wide array of human diseases including diabetes. The present research deal to evaluate and compare anti-diabetic potential of ethanolic and methanolic, young and mature leaves of medicinally valuable Cinnamomum tamala. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of young and mature leaves were determined. In vitro α-amylase inhibition was carried out using 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-α-D-maltotrioside (CNPG3) as substrate. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, quinones, carbohydrates, glycosides, diterpenes, tannins, and reducing sugars. The highest total phenolic content and flavonoid content were observed in methanolic extract of mature leaves (13.725 ± 0.54 mg GAE/g) and young leaves (12.591 ± 0.71 mg QE/g) respectively. Methanolic young leaves extract showed α-amylase inhibition with IC50 value 224.6 ± 2.76 μg/mL as compared to acarbose with IC50 value 5.93 ± 0.14 μg/mL. The result suggests that young leaves of C. tamala had anti-diabetic activity so further work should be carried out

Initial Experience of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy at Lumbini Medical College

&nbsp; Introduction: Renal stone disease is a challenging problem in urologic practice especially in our locality because of large stone burden and recurrence. Since ,the early 1980s when percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) was established for management of renal stones, open surgical procedures have virtually been replaced. PCNL is a safe, effective and minimally invasive approach compared to open surgery for patients with large single, multiple or staghorn stones. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate and to review our experience with PCNL in management of renal and upper ureteric stones. &nbsp; Methods: Prospective study carried out at Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital during 1stJanuary 2011 to 31st October 2011. Sixty patients were evaluated and subjected to PCNL. After clinical investigations like ultrasonography (USG) and intravenous urography (IVU), once patients were found to have renal or upper ureteric stones they were informed and explained about PCNL, its likely complications, probable hospital stay, the cost of treatment and data were recorded along with the operative time, estimated blood loss, stone burden, stone-free rate, length of hospitalization and complications .Patients were followed up after three months to rule out recurrence of stones by plain abdominal x-ray of kidney, ureter and bladder and USG. &nbsp; Results: Out of 60 patients 35 were male and 25 were female (M: F=1.4:1) with mean age of 37 years and were subjected to PCNL monotherapy. With the average stone size of 3.26cm, the mean operative time was 78 minutes. Complete stone removal achieved by PCNL alone in 60 cases, with insignificant residual small stones we achieved 97% stone clearance rate. The mean hospital stay was 3.7 days. No Serious complications were encountered, 9 (15%) patients required blood transfusion and 3 (5%) patients developed transient post-operative pyrexia. &nbsp; Conclusion: PCNL is the first line treatment option for management of large renal stones which as monotherapy has advantages in removal of renal and upper ureteric stones and achieving excellent results with minimal morbidity

Isolation of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) Producing Bacteria, Optimization of Culture Conditions for PHB production, Extraction and Characterization of PHB

Polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs) are energy reserves synthesized by different micro-organisms such as Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Algae, in excess of carbon and limitation of nutrients like nitrogen. These biopolymers are suitable alternate to synthetic carbon-based polymers. However, the high production cost limits their commercialization. The aim of this study was thus, focused on optimization of culture condition for maximum PHB production in an attempt to reduce the production cost. The micro-organisms for this purpose were isolated from 4 different soil samples and screened for PHB production. Culture conditions for these organisms were optimized by changing the parameters, viz., incubation time, pH, carbon source and NaCl concentration. Thus, optimized culture condition was used to culture the isolates for extraction of PHB and its analysis. The extracted compounds on FTIR-analysis gave characteristic C=O peak of PHB, thus, confirming the seven isolates to be PHB producers. Results for optimized parameters for the isolated PHB positive species showed that synthesis of PHB was maximum at 48 hours i.e. during the early stages of stationary phase. However, different isolates favored different culture conditions. Highest PHB accumulation and growth of isolates were seen at pH 7 and 9. Similarly, it was observed that glucose was favored by 4 isolates and sucrose was favored by 3 isolates. Interestingly, NaCl concentration did not cause significant effect on neither the bacterial growth nor the PHB production. During the extraction of PHB from the optimized culture conditions, extraction of PHB from broth gave significant yield than that from agar. A good PHB yield from broth amounting to 36.41% and 34.59% was observed for Bacillus pasteurii and Micrococcus luteus respectively, showing a potential for their exploitation in industrial PHB production. At optimized conditions, 7 isolates exhibited significant PHB yields, thus showing a potential for further exploitation

Experience of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy at Lumbini Medical College Teaching Hospital

&nbsp; Introduction: The difficult gallbladder is the most common difficult laparoscopy being performed by generalsurgeons all over the world and the potential one that places the patient at significant risk. The present study aimed to study all the cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy conducted in current setup at Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital, to compare the results with the published literature and also analyze the complications and ways to decrease the incidence of conversion to open procedure. &nbsp; Methods: Five hundred twenty five patients age 10-90 years, male:female ratio of 1:3.86 with body weight 45-65 kilogram, who had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis without choledocholithiasis from April 2011 to April 2013 were studied. &nbsp; Results: All the laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) were without major complications. Only nineteen out of five hundred twentyfive (3.6%) required conversion to open cholecystectomy (OC). Reasons for conversion included: dense omental or visceral adhesions; two (0.38%), unclear anatomy; 16 (3.04%), common bile duct injury; one (0.19%). There were 20 cases of shrunken gallbladder suspicious of malignancy but didn’t required conversion. &nbsp; Conclusion: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the preferred method in our setup even in difficult cases

The Monoclonal Antibody Cocktail in SARS-CoV 2: A Bonanza for Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia?

Monoclonal antibody cocktail is currently one of the most promising approaches being studied in the management of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2). We present a case of an elderly patient with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) who had recurrent episodes of desaturation and admission in intensive care unit (ICU) despite receiving the treatment for moderate to severe COVID-19. After careful selection, weighing the benefits and risks, the patient was started on the combination of the two monoclonal antibodies, casirivimab and imdevimab. The results suggest that this could be a game changer in COVID-19 with a focused approach of management of COVID-19 positive patients especially in the vulnerable population