Primary School Teacher’s knowledge towards Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and its associated factors in Nekemte town, Oromiya Region, Western Ethiopia

The work of the teacher becomes much more demanding when some learners have Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), as their problems with attention span, impulse control and activity level frequently interfere with activities in the classroom and socially. This study revealed the teachers good knowledge about ADHD but about 43.7% of primary school teachers had poor knowledge. The objective of the study was to assess the primary school teacher’s knowledge and misconceptions of ADHD and associated factors in Nekemte Town, Oromiya region Western Ethiopia. This study was conducted in Nekemte full Cycle Primary Schools. Nekemte Town, the capital city of East Wollega zone is found 331 km from the capital Addis Ababa to the West. There are 10 government and 20 private full cycle primary schools in the town. Institution based descriptive cross-sectional study were applied. All primary teachers in the selected schools and fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in this study. Non probability convenience sampling technique was utilized to recruit study participants. The period of the study is from December 2015 to January 2016. The collected data were entered into computer using Epi data version 3.5 and analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 21.0. The Binary logistic regression was fitted to assess possible association and the strength of association was measured using odds ratio with 95% CI. The P<0.05 were considered as statistically significant. The results of the study showed that among 206 primary school teachers majority were in the age group of <=40years of age (62.6%) were 50.5 % are female. Most of the participants are teaching general education (96.6%) and 3.4% were teaching special education. For the 41 items knowledge score was computed and the mean value of 15.4 and standard deviation of 6.9 was calculated. Accordingly 15 score was used to categorize the knowledge level of the study participants. Based on the mean value 56.4 % of study participants have good knowledge and the rest participants have poor or inadequate knowledge. Binary logistic analysis showed no association between knowledge and socio-demographic variables. Lack of reading any books [AOR=1.96; CI 0.60-6.44; p-value=0.26], lack of reading any articles [AOR=1.24, 95% CI= 0.31-4.95; p-value= 0.76], lack of reading any pamphlet [AOR=1.99; 95% CI= 0.52-7.57; p-value=0.31], lack of television watching [AOR=0.73; 95% CI= 0.35-1.54; p-value=0.42],lack of internet browsing [AOR=0.21; 95% CI= 0.04-1.04; p-value=0.05]. were the most important predictors found associated with primary school teacher’s knowledge and misconceptions in this study about ADHD.Keywords: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Knowledge primary school teacher Western Ethiopia Nekemt

Chromo- and Fluorogenic Organometallic Sensors

Compounds that change their absorption and/or emission properties in the presence of a target ion or molecule have been studied for many years as the basis for optical sensing. Within this group of compounds, a variety of organometallic complexes have been proposed for the detection of a wide range of analytes such as cations (including H+), anions, gases (e.g. O 2, SO2, organic vapours), small organic molecules, and large biomolecules (e.g. proteins, DNA). This chapter focuses on work reported within the last few years in the area of organometallic sensors. Some of the most extensively studied systems incorporate metal moieties with intense long-lived metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states as the reporter or indicator unit, such as fac-tricarbonyl Re(I) complexes, cyclometallated Ir(III) species, and diimine Ru(II) or Os(II) derivatives. Other commonly used organometallic sensors are based on Pt-alkynyls and ferrocene fragments. To these reporters, an appropriate recognition or analyte-binding unit is usually attached so that a detectable modification on the colour and/or the emission of the complex occurs upon binding of the analyte. Examples of recognition sites include macrocycles for the binding of cations, H-bonding units selective to specific anions, and DNA intercalating fragments. A different approach is used for the detection of some gases or vapours, where the sensor's response is associated with changes in the crystal packing of the complex on absorption of the gas, or to direct coordination of the analyte to the metal centre

Lipid-wrapped upconversion nanoconstruct/photosensitizer complex for near-infrared light-mediated photodynamic therapy

[[abstract]]Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive medical technology that has been applied in cancer treatment where it is accessible by direct or endoscope-assisted light irradiation. To lower phototoxicity and increase tissue penetration depth of light, great effort has been focused on developing new sensitizers that can utilize red or near-infrared (NIR) light for the past decades. Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have a unique property to transduce NIR excitation light to UV-vis emission efficiently. This property allows some low-cost, low-toxicity, commercially available visible light sensitizers, which originally are not suitable for deep tissue PDT, to be activated by NIR light and have been reported extensively in the past few years. However, some issues still remain in the UCNP-assisted PDT platform such as colloidal stability, photosensitizer loading efficiency, and accessibility for targeting ligand installation, despite some advances in this direction. In this study, we designed a facile phospholipid-coated UCNP method to generate a highly colloidally stable nanoplatform that can effectively load a series of visible light sensitizers in the lipid layers. The loading stability and singlet oxygen generation efficiency of this sensitizer-loaded lipid-coated UCNP platform were investigated. We also have demonstrated the enhanced cellular uptake efficiency and tumor cell selectivity of this lipid-coated UCNP platform by changing the lipid dopant. On the basis of the evidence of our results, the lipid-complexed UCNP nanoparticles could serve as an effective photosensitizer carrier for NIR light-mediated PDT

Marcus inverted region in the photoinduced electron transfer reactions of Ruthenium(II)-Polypyridine complexes with phenolate ions

Ruthenium(II)-polypyridyl complexes of similar size but with variable reduction potential undergo efficient photoinduced electron-transfer reactions with phenolate ions in aqueous medium. All these reactions are exergonic and are in accordance with the Marcus theory of electron transfer. At high negative Δ G° Marcus inverted region is observed in this bimolecular photoinduced charge separation reaction

Micellar catalysis on the electron transfer reactions of iron(III)-polypyridyl complexes with organic sulphides. Importance of hydrophobic interactions

The oxidation of organic sulfides with iron(III)-polypyridyl complexes [Fe(NN)<SUB>3</SUB>]<SUP>3+</SUP> proceeds through an electron transfer mechanism and an increase in the methanol content in the methanol-water mixture favors the reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by both the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The micellar catalysis in the presence of SDS is accounted for in terms of strong binding of the cationic oxidant with the anionic surfactant and the development of positive charge on sulfur center of substrate in the transition state. The micellar catalysis observed on the reaction involving a trication, [Fe(NN)<SUB>3</SUB>]<SUP>3+</SUP>, in the presence of CTAB indicates the importance of hydrophobic interaction between the micelle and hydrophobic ligand of [Fe(NN)<SUB>3</SUB>]<SUP>3+</SUP>. The micellar catalysis is explained in terms of a pseudophase ion exchange model